PRE2020 1 Group2
Group Members
| Name | Student Code | Email address |
|---|---|---|
| Pleun Hutten | 1310925 | p.m.hutten@student.tue.nl |
| Jeroen Bakermans | 1007330 | j.bakermans@student.tue.nl |
| Rik Nietsch | 1244044 | r.nietsch@student.tue.nl |
| D.Kim | 1258893 | d.kim@student.tue.nl |
| E.W. Pardijs | 1257811 | e.w.pardijs@student.tue.nl |
Introduction
The measures taken for prevention of the spread of the coronavirus financially affect all sorts of enterprises. Employees are obligated to work from home, children suddenly had to follow online education, thousands of people lost their jobs et cetera. From one moment to the other, there was a lockdown and it wasn’t allowed to leave your home if it wasn’t for a crucial job, grocery shopping or a for a run (on your own). Social distancing is the new norm.
The Netherlands is slowing building up the ‘1.5m-society’; hotels, restaurants, cafes, gyms, museums, education facilities, offices et cetera are allowed to welcome people again, provided that its visitors keep 1.5m distance at all times. However, there is one sector that is still deeply suffering from the measures taken concerning the coronavirus: the event branch. It is not (and will not be in the near future) allowed to organize events with large numbers of people. Festivals, expositions, fairs, markets, mass sports events are all removed from the calendars. But might there be innovative solutions that would nevertheless make such events possible again? That’s exactly what we are going to focus on during this project!
We are going to develop a device that makes sure all visitors of events always keep safe distance of 1.5m between each other. The principle is rather simple: everybody wears this gadget and when two (or more) come into a radius of 1.5m of each other, an alarming signal will go off. This will serve as a warning to the visitors to remain distanced from each other. Furthermore, the violation of the social distancing rules of this specific individual will be registered. The event-organizers could decide to intervene after for instance five warnings.
Objectives
The current COVID-19 situation makes the coming together of hundreds or even thousands of people impossible. The event branch is financially hit and does not have any certainty about when events will be allowed again. Therefore, goal of this project is to come up with an innovative and safe way to make the organization of events possible in times in which the coronavirus is lurking. It is aimed to develop and test a prototype and evaluate the functioning of the device and improve its functionalities.
Stakeholders
Users
Visitors of events
The direct users of the device will be visitors of events like concerts, festivals, expositions et cetera. When you visit an event at which this device will be used, you will have no choice but to accept the terms. A downside for the introduction of the social distancing device may be that a ticket for an event will get more expensive, as for every customer a gadget must be bought.
Event organizers
The event managers will thus provide all customers with a device that tracks the distance they keep from other people. This way the organization can do crowd control to make sure that everybody respects the rules of social distancing. The organization thus uses the devices to create a safe environment for its visitors.
Artists
Artists indirectly also make use of the social distancing gadget. The coming together of larger number of people will be possible again, which is something artists will profit from.
Society
Community
Not many articles have been written on the effects of the quarantine, social distancing and social isolation, as life is far from back to normal. Once more time has gone by, the real psychological impact will become clear. However, there are some first researches in which provisional psychological effects have become clear. The lockdown-measures prevented the virus from spreading on a large scale, but the consequences for isolated individuals will be a problem in the future. Research of Hiremath et al (2020) showed that the measures causes psychological problems like depression, anxiety and panic disorder. General research on social isolation also reveals that social isolation evidently harms mental health Cite error: Closing </ref> missing for <ref> tag
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4883398/ [1]
1[2]
Dual patch microstrip antenna
dual patch microstrip antenna [3]
Technologies for social distancing
https://arxiv.org/abs/2005.02816[4]
1 more[5]
General tech intro
1[6]
Thermal facial recognition technology
summary needed [7]
Ultrasonic sensor
Al-Mahturi, Ayad & Rahim, Ruzairi. (2016). ULTRASONIC SENSOR FOR DISTANCE MEASUREMENT
One technique that can be used to measure the distance between different objects is with ultrasonic sensor. This technique is based on measuring the pulse reflection time. So, how long it takes to get the echo from the original sound. Ultrasonic sound is not hearable by humans. Usually a normal ultrasonic sensor can measure a maximum distance of 2.5 meters. A downfall of this technique is that the refresh rate of the sensor is low.
GPS
Shen, J. S., Bao, Y., Gan, W., Guo, W., Zhang, M., & Wang, G. (2018). Millimeter-accuracy structural deformation monitoring using stand-alone gps: case study in beijing, china. Journal of Surveying Engineering, 144(1). https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)SU.1943-5428.0000242
N. Idris, A. M. Suldi, J. R. A. Hamid and D. Sathyamoorthy, "Effect of radio frequency interference (RFI) on the Global Positioning System (GPS) signals," 2013 IEEE 9th International Colloquium on Signal Processing and its Applications, Kuala Lumpur, 2013, pp. 199-204, doi: 10.1109/CSPA.2013.6530041.
GPS is another technique to determine the distance between multiple users. The precision of the GPS technique is around the 5-7 mm in this study. Dual frequency GPS is preferable. A dual-frequency GPS does not use one signal but uses two signals to improve the accuracy and reduce disturbance from Radio frequency interference (RFI). An example of such interference could be that from Bluetooth other sources could be that from wireless networks. So, this can be hard to realize when one would like to organize a festival with many attendees. Another problem can a multipath error. This means that the signal bounces of buildings or obstructions leading to making the GPS confused. However, in an open field at a festival this would not be the case.
Bluetooth
Cho, Hosik & Ji, Jianxun & Chen, Zili & Park, Hyuncheol & Lee, Wonsuk. (2015). Measuring a Distance between Things with Improved Accuracy. Procedia Computer Science. 52. 10.1016/j.procs.2015.05.119.
Another technique that can be used to measure distance is with a Bluetooth low-energy sensor. Via the signal strength distance can be estimated. The downfall is that the outcomes of such measurement comes with an high error rate, almost 50%. This can be reduced by self-correcting beacons these are placed at an fixed position. This point will act as an reference point for the others to measure from. This reduces the error rate to 10% within a distance of 1.5 meters. Without this extra beacon estimation can be made on how close someone is but no real precise numbers can be given.
Plan
Approach
Planning
Deliverables
At the end of this project we want to have three deliverables:
- A functional prototype that has been tested
- A wiki page documenting:
- The Research performed
- The design process of our prototype
- The results and concluding remarks
- A video presentation about our prototype.
Literature study
Position Measurement using Bluetooth, by Sheng Zhou and John K. Pollard
Using bluetooth there is an position error of about 1.2m indoors. Outdoors this is generally less, however in the case of strong multipath interference there can still be errors.
Distance Sensing with Ultrasonic Sensor and Arduino, by N. Anju Latha , B. Rama Murthy, K. Bharat Kumar
An Arduino microcontroller in combination with an ultrasonic sensor can be used to measure distance. Ultrasonic sensor are popular, since they are cheap and have a precision of less than 1 cm in distance measurements of up to 6m. The most common method for measurement is the time of flight measurement, which measures the time between departure and arrival of a signal. A disadvantage of this way of measurement is that the target to be measured should be perpendicular to the plane in which the signal travels. It also the case that the bigger the target, the more accurate the distance will be measured.
The Impact of Covid 19 on Event Management Industry in India, By Mr. Anup M Gajjar & Dr. Bhaveshkumar J Parmar
The event management sector is the fastest growing industry in India. This industry has a lot of damage because of Covid-19, but it is not easily quantifiable how much, since the industry does not come under one ministry or one department, in contrast to e.g. Germany. A lower growth of India’s economy will mean a lower growth of the event industry and a lot of jobs are at stake. The event management sector are now advised to organise events such that information is up-to-date, spaces are well designed to prevent crowd stupidities, communication is clear and event managers are urged to plan for finance and make hand-washing more accessible. It is not possible the identify the loss accurately, but it is certain that because of travel fear and public gathering fear it will take time to recover.
Were Stay-at-Home Orders During Covid-19 Harmful for Business? The Market’s View, by Chen Chen , Sudipto Dasgupta, Thanh D. Huynh, Ying Xia
Stay-at-Home orders were actually good for business. In states without Stay-at-Home orders businesses were worse off. In the U.S., where the research was conducted, it is found that the effect is seen more vividly in counties with a high number of infections and for firms in essential industries. Although the short-term effects of a lockdown seem bad for business, the long-term effects are positive. A reason for this might be that the measures are seen as necessary for stopping the spread of the virus and making labour participation possible.
COVID-19 impact on city and region: what’s next after lockdown? bY Myounggu Kang , Yeol Choi , Jeongseob Kim , Kwan Ok Lee , Sugie Lee , In Kwon Park , Jiyoung Park & Ilwon Seo
Density does not play a big role in the spread of the virus. On the contrary, cities have benefits, such as response times or hospitals being nearby that could be taken advantage of. Essential services should also be close by and there should be enough cheap housing. Furthermore, economics structures like global trade should be restored to keep jobs. Also privacy concerns should not be underestimated and transparency and voluntary consent should be premised. Last but not least we should make sure prejudice and hatred do not develop, which means a great deal of social effort should be made.
Other useful links:
Arduino with an ultrasonic sensor and a buzzer. If an object gets too close to the sensor, the buzzer goes off.
https://www.instructables.com/id/ARDUINO-DISTANCE-BUZZER/
Using Bluetooth:
https://create.arduino.cc/projecthub/tanishq/diy-bluetooth-proximity-sensor-c82265
LIDAR:
https://learn.sparkfun.com/tutorials/lidar-lite-v3-hookup-guide/all
15-25 cm accuracy(?)
https://www.getmapping.com/support/height-lidar-data/how-accurate-height-data-and-lidar
Logbook
Week 1
| Name | Total Hours | Tasks |
|---|---|---|
| Jeroen | 0 | Meetings (1.5 hrs) |
| Pleun | 8.5 | Meetings (1.5 hrs), writing on introduction, objectives, stakeholders, users needs and ethical considerations (5 hrs) and literature research psychological part (2 hrs) |
| Dayeong | 0 | Meetings (1.5 hrs) |
| Rik | 0 | Meetings (1.5 hrs) |
| Erik | 0 | Meetings (1.5 hrs) |
Week 2
| Name | Total Hours | Tasks |
|---|---|---|
| Jeroen | 0 | Tasks here |
| Pleun | 0 | Tasks here |
| Dayeong | 0 | Tasks here |
| Rik | 0 | Tasks here |
| Erik | 0 | Tasks here |
Week 3
| Name | Total Hours | Tasks |
|---|---|---|
| Jeroen | 0 | Tasks here |
| Pleun | 0 | Tasks here |
| Dayeong | 0 | Tasks here |
| Rik | 0 | Tasks here |
| Erik | 0 | Tasks here |
Week 4
| Name | Total Hours | Tasks |
|---|---|---|
| Jeroen | 0 | Tasks here |
| Pleun | 0 | Tasks here |
| Dayeong | 0 | Tasks here |
| Rik | 0 | Tasks here |
| Erik | 0 | Tasks here |
Week 5
| Name | Total Hours | Tasks |
|---|---|---|
| Jeroen | 0 | Tasks here |
| Pleun | 0 | Tasks here |
| Dayeong | 0 | Tasks here |
| Rik | 0 | Tasks here |
| Erik | 0 | Tasks here |
Week 6
| Name | Total Hours | Tasks |
|---|---|---|
| Jeroen | 0 | Tasks here |
| Pleun | 0 | Tasks here |
| Dayeong | 0 | Tasks here |
| Rik | 0 | Tasks here |
| Erik | 0 | Tasks here |
Week 7
| Name | Total Hours | Tasks |
|---|---|---|
| Jeroen | 0 | Tasks here |
| Pleun | 0 | Tasks here |
| Dayeong | 0 | Tasks here |
| Rik | 0 | Tasks here |
| Erik | 0 | Tasks here |
Week 8
| Name | Total Hours | Tasks |
|---|---|---|
| Jeroen | 0 | Tasks here |
| Pleun | 0 | Tasks here |
| Dayeong | 0 | Tasks here |
| Rik | 0 | Tasks here |
| Erik | 0 | Tasks here |
References
- ↑ [Alarifi, A., Al-Salman, A., Alsaleh, M., Alnafessah, A., Al-Hadhrami, S., Al-Ammar, M. A., & Al-Khalifa, H. S. (2016). Ultra Wideband Indoor Positioning Technologies: Analysis and Recent Advances. Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), 16(5), 707. https://doi.org/10.3390/s16050707]
- ↑ [D. Dardari, R. D'Errico, C. Roblin, A. Sibille and M. Z. Win, "Ultrawide Bandwidth RFID: The Next Generation?," in Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 98, no. 9, pp. 1570-1582, Sept. 2010, doi: 10.1109/JPROC.2010.2053015.]
- ↑ [Luk, K. M., Tong, K. F., & Au, T. M. (1993). Offset dual-patch microstrip antenna. Electronics Letters- Iee, 29(18), 1635–1635.]
- ↑ [Nguyen, C. T., Saputra, Y. M., Van Huynh, N., Nguyen, N. T., Khoa, T. V., Tuan, B. M., ... & Chatzinotas, S. (2020). Enabling and Emerging Technologies for Social Distancing: A Comprehensive Survey. arXiv preprint arXiv:2005.02816.]
- ↑ [Punn, Narinder & Sonbhadra, Sanjay & Agarwal, Sonali. (2020). Monitoring COVID-19 social distancing with person detection and tracking via fine-tuned YOLO v3 and Deepsort techniques.]
- ↑ [Ting, D.S.W., Carin, L., Dzau, V. et al. Digital technology and COVID-19. Nat Med 26, 459–461 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-0824-5]
- ↑ [Van Natta, M., Chen, P., Herbek, S., Jain, R., Kastelic, N., Katz, E., Struble, M., Vanam, V., & Vattikonda, N. (2020). The rise and regulation of thermal facial recognition technology during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of law and the biosciences, 7(1), lsaa038. https://doi.org/10.1093/jlb/lsaa038]