PRE2020 3 Group 5 Summaries: Difference between revisions

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<br />Paper <ref name="SocialImpactCommercialDrones">[https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2016.02.009] Rao, B., Gopi, A. G., & Maione, R. (2016). The societal impact of commercial drones. Technology in Society, 45, 83–90. </ref> <br />
<br />Paper <ref name="SocialImpactCommercialDrones">[https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2016.02.009] Rao, B., Gopi, A. G., & Maione, R. (2016). The societal impact of commercial drones. Technology in Society, 45, 83–90. </ref> <br />
Summary:  
Summary:  
Article focusses on how commercial drones (drones owned by companies and individuals) will change society. Drones have already started to change methods of filmmaking.
Openpilot: A project that aims  to create universal autopilot software that an be used to fly civilian drones for humanitarian, academic, and hobbyist applications. Drone manufacturers have invited the open source community to their design process.
Drones are commercially being used to survey crops, counting wild life, land surveying, surveying forest fires, inspecting oil pipelines and power lines. Amanzon Prime Air, DHL and Google are pioneers in exploring new types of delivery mechanism.
The use of drones in civilian airspace has triggered concerns about basic human rights, like safety and security. Drones always carry the danger of making an accidental crash. 
When does a drone interfere with someone’s privacy?  In a public space a person does not have complete privacy, so should a drone be allowed to film in public spaces? To determine whether a drone crosses the privacy guidelines, the complete flightpath has to be evaluated, also all data gathered by all sensors has to be checked and how this data is being used.
Since drones are a relatively new technology and with a lot of different kinds of ‘drones’, it is really hard to create clear guidelines for all these types of aircrafts.
<br />Paper <ref name="ForestMonitorDrones">[https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2016.03.027] Zhang, J., Hu, J., Lian, J., Fan, Z., Ouyang, X., & Ye, W. (2016). Seeing the forest from drones: Testing the potential of lightweight drones as a tool for long-term forest monitoring. Biological Conservation, 198, 60–69. </ref> <br />  
<br />Paper <ref name="ForestMonitorDrones">[https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2016.03.027] Zhang, J., Hu, J., Lian, J., Fan, Z., Ouyang, X., & Ye, W. (2016). Seeing the forest from drones: Testing the potential of lightweight drones as a tool for long-term forest monitoring. Biological Conservation, 198, 60–69. </ref> <br />  
Summary:  
Summary:  

Revision as of 16:59, 29 March 2021

Main page


Week 1 Summaries

Sven:
Paper [1]
Summary:
Paper [2]
Summary:
Paper [3]
Summary: Article focusses on how commercial drones (drones owned by companies and individuals) will change society. Drones have already started to change methods of filmmaking. Openpilot: A project that aims to create universal autopilot software that an be used to fly civilian drones for humanitarian, academic, and hobbyist applications. Drone manufacturers have invited the open source community to their design process. Drones are commercially being used to survey crops, counting wild life, land surveying, surveying forest fires, inspecting oil pipelines and power lines. Amanzon Prime Air, DHL and Google are pioneers in exploring new types of delivery mechanism. The use of drones in civilian airspace has triggered concerns about basic human rights, like safety and security. Drones always carry the danger of making an accidental crash. When does a drone interfere with someone’s privacy? In a public space a person does not have complete privacy, so should a drone be allowed to film in public spaces? To determine whether a drone crosses the privacy guidelines, the complete flightpath has to be evaluated, also all data gathered by all sensors has to be checked and how this data is being used. Since drones are a relatively new technology and with a lot of different kinds of ‘drones’, it is really hard to create clear guidelines for all these types of aircrafts.


Paper [4]
Summary:
Paper [5]
Summary:

Lucas:
Paper [6]
Summary:

Early defibrillation is the most important intervention affecting survival from sudden cardiac arrest (SCA). To improve public access to early defibrillation, the Italian research project Piacenza Progetto Vita (PPV) formed the first system of out-of-hospital early defibrillation by first-responder volunteers.

Sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) claims an estimated 350 000 lives per year in the United States, representing a major public health problem. The vast majority of SCA is caused by ventricular fibrillation (VF) (85%), in which early defibrillation is the most important intervention affecting survival. After 10 minutes, very few resuscitation attempts are successful (0% to 2%). The major determinants of survival after witnessed out-of-hospital SCA include bystander initiation of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and the rapidity with which defibrillation is accomplished. Unfortunately, most victims do not have immediate access to prompt, effective treatment, and too much time elapses before the defibrillator arrives, if it arrives at all.

The approach focusses almost exclusively on improving defibrillation response times with the use of lay volunteers. The role of traditional CPR in SCA survival has been recently disputed, given both the poor CPR skill performance and retention by people without (much/any) experience with providing medical help. These volunteers all had followed a 4 hour session with theoretical and practical lessons. AEDs were placed at several fixed locations and at a few moving vehicles (e.g. police) and the volunteers were notified whenever an accident occurred in their region.

The outcome of the research is positive and shows much future potential as the use of AEDs by nonmedical volunteers enabled early defibrillation and tripled the survival rate for out-of-hospital SCA.


Paper [7]
Summary:

In this study, we report a case series of fatal penetrating head injuries caused by tear gas canisters (TGCs). Here, a retrospective chart review was conducted of all the patients who were admitted to the Neurosurgery Teaching Hospital in Baghdad, Iraq, since the start of the antigovernment protests (October 2019). All patients who suffered penetrating head trauma caused by TGCs were included in the study.

The tear gas can be delivered by a variety of means, including canisters, grenades, munitions, among others. Importantly, the delivery method plays a pivotal role in its terminal impact. Although intended as nonlethal weapons, there have been numerous incidents where the use and misuse of these agents have resulted in serious injuries and even death

In this study, out of 41 patients with TGC-related head injuries, 10 cases of penetrating head trauma caused by these TGCs were found. All victims were men, with a mean age of 16 years (range, 14–19 years). CT scans revealed an extensive pattern of brain damage. Some also have reported that the long-term health effects of tear gases include posttraumatic stress disorder, major depressive disorder, and chronic respiratory disease.

The conclusion from this study is that TGCs have the potential to cause lethal penetrating head injuries, calling for a reevaluation of their safety and methods of use in terms of human health. strict international guidelines are required before the use of these weapons can be condoned again.


Paper [8]
Summary:

Report is dedicated to thermophysical and chemical explanation of the ways of increasing the fireextinguishing process of solid combustible materials. As a result of research such indicators are obtained as speed of extinguishing, with help of fast-hardening foam. Fireextinguishing mechanisms of fast-hardening foam are here considered and evidences of their positive features are given.

To extinguish a fire, it is important to (1 ) cool the heated layer of burning SCM (solid combustible materials), (2) protect burning surface from external heating influence of the fire and (3) to the insulate the burning layer from oxygen access. The FHF extinguishes a fire about 7 times faster than the water at a delivery intensity of 12.7 L/min (0.21 L/s). This means that about 1L of FHF is needed to extinguish one square meter of burning layer (it is not very clearly stated in the paper whether this concerns 1 square meter or the whole test object).

The conclusion of the paper is that FHF is absolutely a new mean in the fire-fighting sphere which can lead to revolution in the methods, approaches and tactics of fire extinguishing and fire and explosion prevention. Thanks to its unique features this foam provides extremely high firefighting efficiency as compared to all existing means. Moreover it is impossible to re-ignite object after extinguishing even if impacted on that with flame during more than 30 min. Besides foam is even not destroyed. This advantage gives undeniable opportunities to fire-fighters especially when they have to not only extinguish fire but also have to save people lives.


Paper [9]
Summary:

This article discusses the development of drone technology and evaluates the Fourth Amendment privacy issues in the US, arising out of domestic drone use (specifically within context of surveillance and technology development). Finally, it considers potential solutions to these privacy concerns.

A few examples of these concerns are that drones provide long-term GPS capabilities that can be performed without actually coming in contact with an individual’s person or property, they are inexpensive, come equipped with real-time recording and various types of cameras. ‘’As many Americans are unaware of changing drone technology use and applications in the United States, they can hardly have formulated sufficient protections to potential privacy invasions that could result from drone use.’’ Examples of proposed regulations in the US are that federal law enforcement must obtain a warrant before using a drone for surveillance purposes, and others are designed to limit and control specific agency uses.

The conclusion is that like many other technologies developed in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, drones have many positives and many negatives associated with their use. Therefore, proactive steps should be taken by both the Legislature and the Judiciary to ensure individual privacy rights are not eroded with the incorporation of this new technology into our daily lives. The best way to ensure that our reasonable expectation of privacy is maintained is for Congress to enact a baseline consumer protection law that manages both governmental and private party use of drones in national airspace. Following the development of a baseline federal law, states could further protect individual rights by adding state specific legislation to the baseline protection.


Paper [10]
Summary:

One of the main issues about drones is their power management. However, these devices are powered by a high energy density lithium battery, but a flight time range could be about 20–40 min. Increasing the battery energy storage capacity to achieve more flight time is not usually a good idea due to the additional weight in drones. In order to solve this issue, an Intelligent Battery Management System (IBMS) is proposed to predict the maximum available energy of the battery pack to make the best decision for finding the closest charging station depending on different weather conditions. In this study, lithium-ion battery with lithium titanite oxide (LTO) anode, as a fast charging and fast discharging battery, is used as the drone power supply.

Based on the flight conditions including maximum available energy, distance to destination and path planning algorithm defined in the IBMS, the most optimal ground node is selected as the target for drone to be recharged. The results showed that this specific drone (max. speed of 50 km/h) had to charge after being 5940 meters away from the origin, as it would cross the minimal energy threshold at that point. It is not stated how long it had to charge.

The results showed the effectiveness of the proposed intelligent battery management system in finding the best charging station for the drone based on its maximum available energy and destination It is not really clear what type of drone is used in this research, but it probably concerns a basic, domestic drone.

Bram:
Paper [11]
Summary:
Paper [12]
Summary:
Paper [13]
Summary:
Paper [14]
Summary:
Paper [15]
Summary:

Stijn:
Paper [16]
Summary:
Paper [17]
Summary:
Paper [18]
Summary:
Paper [19]
Summary:
Paper [20]
Summary:

Pepijn:
Paper [21]
Summary:

Fire has always been a hazard to mankind. Over the years several ways to prevent a fire have been established but it still is a problem. Fire education and safety are only a preventive solution, but fires will also arise as a natural phenomenon, thus making it unpreventable.

Current solutions are conventional fire hoses, fire trucks that come with a team of firefighters and aerial reinforcements that make use of fire-retardant chemicals. Tanks of these are also attached to unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and these UAV’s are another solution to the fire problem.

Fires in a remote area are harder to extinguish. Since most of the time aerial vehicles are used, these vehicles need to refuel on extinguishant after every drop, thus making it time-consuming, which allows fires to grow. A solution to the problem would be to have a UAV that is constantly supplied with extinguishant.

This UAV sprays water or chemicals through a nozzle smaller than a regular fire hose. It is made to stay in the air while extinguishing and thus to be stable while doing it. The hose acts as a connection to the ground and through this hose there is a continuous supply of extinguishant and electricity. A command and control unit gives off this supply and acts as a launchpad and storage for the drones. Such a command unit can be put into a vehicle. The UAV’s should stay in the air until all fire is extinguished. It also has a backup battery for emergencies and will be equipped with a parachute system, an airbag system, propellor covers and an emergency brake system. It has four rotors that can be controlled separately. It makes use of thermal sensors so that the controller can see the sources of fire better and has normal cameras and a night vision camera. Controls and sensor readings are sent to a controller, which can be operated by artificial intelligence or a human, on the ground, preferably close to the command and control unit.


Paper [22]
Summary:

Firefighting helicopters have the problem of not being able to extinguish fires that break out inside buildings. There is a development going on in which unmanned aerial vehicles replace the need for a trained firefighting pilot, but these UAV’s have the same problem.

A solution to this problem is a fire fighting drone, outfitted with several body parts, a turret for extinguishing fires with chemicals, the possibility of dropping a fire extinguishing bomb and the possibility of saving lives, dependent on the state of the fire, by dropping gas masks, respirators etc.

The drone is able to counter the fire within the first few minutes of the case of the fire and to prevent a second fire from breaking out. It is able to perform make an efficient choice for a certain fire situation, consisting of the options to focus on saving lives or extinguish the fires. The drone can fly into a building and rapidly move across an uneven floor by using its wheels that are driven by configured servo-motors.

The drones can be connected to a central monitoring apparatus via a wireless network to transmit fire image signals so that an evaluator can take proper measures. The administrator terminal can be a PC, a PDA or a smartphone. The drone can be modified easily.


Paper [23]
Summary:

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) and drones are becoming more popular among private consumers, governments and private companies. UAV’s can impact society on several levels, since there are concerns for safety, privacy and regulation. One use for UAV’s is law enforcement for preventing, controlling and solving crime.

Most of the participants in studies kind of understand the pros and cons of police UAV usage, the pros being increased safety, less crime and lower risk to officers. Cons were privacy concerns, unfavorable public opinion and people targeting the UAV’s.

Individuals within society show different levels of support for these drones, based on racial composition of a neighborhood where a UAV is flying over. Conservatives show more support for law enforcement drones than liberals do. Furthermore there are more different levels of support between liberals, libertarians, conservatives and authoritarians.


Paper [24]
Summary:

Drones present a potential privacy threat. Law enforcement agencies are increasingly using drones, since these drones offer benefits for the police. Drones can save video footage showing private property, accidents, and violent crime. All sorts of technology can be attached to a drone. Drones unlock the opportunity to surveil entire cities.

Lawmakers can provide protection against armed drones that surveil persistently and warrantless by banning weaponization, pressing warrant requirements and enforcing policies that outline public access to footage. If controlled properly, police drones can serve legitimate law enforcement goals without becoming tools of unnecessary and intrusive surveillance.


Paper [25]
Summary:

While there is widespread opposition to the acquisition and deployment of drones for both surveillance and combat units at the mass and elite levels, individuals and groups differ in the specifics of their arguments. Among domestic and international opponents of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) technologies, we can identify arguments that take issue with: specific aspects of the weapons themselves (such as their ability to target precisely); the character of an individual or society that uses these weapons; the ways in which these weapons can change the relationship between a combatant and his adversary; or the way that this technology creates new international norms or doctrines for the conduct of warfare Thus, anti-drone arguments come in different variants, rely on differing assumptions, and lead to differing policy recommendations, from an absolute ban on their existence to a more nuanced set of guidelines for their creation and deployment. For a commander or planner who wishes to respond to ethical arguments being raised about drones, this Letort Paper can serve as a type of field guide, helping the decision-maker to identify the type of argument being made and the specific concerns which undergird this type of ethical thinking. Knowing this information, decision-makers are better equipped with specific responses to address these concerns.

References

  1. ↑ [1] Kardasz, P., & Doskocz, J. (2016). Drones and Possibilities of Their Using. Journal of Civil & Environmental Engineering, 6(3), 1–7.
  2. ↑ [2] Hassanalian, M., & Abdelkefi, A. (2017). Classifications, applications, and design challenges of drones: A review. Progress in Aerospace Sciences, 91, 99–131.
  3. ↑ [3] Rao, B., Gopi, A. G., & Maione, R. (2016). The societal impact of commercial drones. Technology in Society, 45, 83–90.
  4. ↑ [4] Zhang, J., Hu, J., Lian, J., Fan, Z., Ouyang, X., & Ye, W. (2016). Seeing the forest from drones: Testing the potential of lightweight drones as a tool for long-term forest monitoring. Biological Conservation, 198, 60–69.
  5. ↑ [5] Balasingam, M. (2017). Drones in medicine-The rise of the machines. International Journal of Clinical Practice, 71(9), e12989.
  6. ↑ [6] Capucci, A., Aschieri, D., Piepoli, M. F., Bardy, G. H., Iconomu, E., & Arvedi, M. (2002). Tripling Survival From Sudden Cardiac Arrest Via Early Defibrillation Without Traditional Education in Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation. Circulation, 106(9), 1065–1070.
  7. ↑ [7] Hoz, S. S., Aljuboori, Z. S., Dolachee, A. A., Al-Sharshahi, Z. F., Alrawi, M. A., & Al-Smaysim, A. M. (2020). Fatal Penetrating Head Injuries Caused by Projectile Tear Gas Canisters. World Neurosurgery, 138, e119–e123.
  8. ↑ [8] Kuprin, D. S. (2017). Physical–chemical explanation of fire-fighting efficiency of FHF (fast-hardening foam) based on structured silica particles. Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology, 81(1), 36–41.
  9. ↑ [9] Schlag, C. (2013). The New Privacy Battle: How the Expanding Use of Drones Continues to Erode Our Concept of Privacy and Privacy Rights. Pittsburgh Journal of Technology Law and Policy, 13(2), 1–23.
  10. ↑ [10] Hashemi, S. R., Esmaeeli, R., Aliniagerdroudbari, H., Alhadri, M., Alshammari, H., Mahajan, A., & Farhad, S. (2019). New Intelligent Battery Management System for Drones. Volume 6: Energy, 1–7.
  11. ↑ [11] Aydin, B. (2019). Public acceptance of drones: Knowledge, attitudes, and practice. Technology in Society, 59, 101180.
  12. ↑ [12] Sherstjuk, V., Zharikova, M., & Sokol, I. (2018). Forest Fire-Fighting Monitoring System Based on UAV Team and Remote Sensing. 2018 IEEE 38th International Conference on Electronics and Nanotechnology (ELNANO), 663–668.
  13. ↑ [13] Merkert, R., & Bushell, J. (2020). Managing the drone revolution: A systematic literature review into the current use of airborne drones and future strategic directions for their effective control. Journal of Air Transport Management, 89, 101929.
  14. ↑ [14] Rosser, J. C., Vignesh, V., Terwilliger, B. A., & Parker, B. C. (2018). Surgical and Medical Applications of Drones: A Comprehensive Review. JSLS : Journal of the Society of Laparoendoscopic Surgeons, 22(3), e2018.00018.
  15. ↑ [15] EUCHI, J. (2020). Do drones have a realistic place in a pandemic fight for delivering medical supplies in healthcare systems problems? Chinese Journal of Aeronautics, 1–9.
  16. ↑ [16] Floreano, D., & Wood, R. J. (2015). Science, technology and the future of small autonomous drones. Nature, 521(7553), 460–466.
  17. ↑ [17] Khan, M. N. H., & Neustaedter, C. (2019). An Exploratory Study of the Use of Drones for Assisting Firefighters During Emergency Situations. Proceedings of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 1–14.
  18. ↑ [18] Restas, A. (2015). Drone Applications for Supporting Disaster Management. World Journal of Engineering and Technology, 03(03), 316–321.
  19. ↑ [19] Liu, Z., Kim, A. K., & Carpenter, D. (2007). A study of portable water mist fire extinguishers used for extinguishment of multiple fire types. Fire Safety Journal, 42(1), 25–42.
  20. ↑ [20] Aydin, B., Selvi, E., Tao, J., & Starek, M. J. (2019). Use of Fire-Extinguishing Balls for a Conceptual System of Drone-Assisted Wildfire Fighting. Drones, 3(1), 17–32.
  21. ↑ [21] Moore, J. (2013). U.S. Patent No. 2013/0134254. Maryland
  22. ↑ [22] W, G.Y. & K, K.W. (2019). U.S. Patent No. 10,413,763. Korea
  23. ↑ [23] Anania, E. C., Rice, S., Pierce, M., Winter, S. R., Capps, J., Walters, N. W., & Milner, M. N. (2019). Public support for police drone missions depends on political affiliation and neighborhood demographics. Technology in Society, 57, 95–103.
  24. ↑ [24] Feeney, Matthew, Surveillance Takes Wing: Privacy in the Age of Police Drones (December 13, 2016). Cato Institute Policy Analysis No. 807, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2919439
  25. ↑ [25] Manjikian, M. & Army War College (U.S.). (2017). A Typology of Arguments about Drone Ethics. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Amsterdam University Press.
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