PRE2024 3 Group19
Group members
| Name | Student Number | Study |
|---|---|---|
| Marysia Huige | 1896431 | PT |
| Mare Hulshof | PT | |
| Agnes Kiekebeld | 1882511 | PT |
| Lisa van den Berg | PT | |
| Stijn Schroijen | 1840150 | CS |
Subject Ideas (Brainstorm)
Subject
- Speech recognition systems.
- Make students aware of how much they use their screen (/ limit their screentime)
- Using eyetracking (?)
- Pill dispenser for elderly
- Help robots for elderly
- Music and dementia → Robot that measures when someone with dementia gets stressed (with a wristband e.g.) and puts on music from their youth when this is the case
Problem Statement
In 2020, 55 million people were diagnosed with dementia worldwide. This number is expected to grow to 139 million people in 2050. (ADI - Dementia Statistics, n.d.) Two thirds of people living in care homes have dementia. (Sharp, 2007) Dementia is a general term for a syndrome that affects memory, thinking and the ability to perform daily tasks. A common symptom of dementia is agitation. When someone is agitated, they feel irritable and restless. People are uncooperative and have difficulties focusing when feeling agitated. They can also show violent or disruptive behavior and have a lack of impulse control. This negative and dangerous behavior could cause dangerous and unpleasant situations for both people with dementia but also for their family, friends, and staff of care homes.
This project aims to create an aid that uses music to help calm down patients with dementia when they are feeling agitated.
Objectives
The main objective of this research is to find a way to calm dementia patients down when they are feeling stressed. It is quite common for people with dementia to be distressed, which can be caused by feeling disoriented, having unmet needs, as well as many other factors (Coping with distress - Dementia UK). It has been found that music interventions lower anxiety levels and generally make patients (and even caregivers) feel more relaxed (Impacts of Music Intervention on Dementia: A Review Using Meta-Narrative Method and Agenda for Future Research). That is why music will be implemented in the design not alleviate stress In order to further assess what we want our design to achieve we will be using the MoSCoW method.
Must have
- A calming effect on the patient
- A stress sensor of some kind to determine when the music should be turned on
Should have
- Music from the patients youth
- Comfortability (if the stress sensor is wearable)
Could have
- A calming effect on the caregiver
- Slowly increase volume to limit the shock
- A wearable stress sensor, e.g. using HRV in the same way that a watch measures stress [1]
- A stress sensor based on sound
Will not have
- Scaring the patient by sudden loud music
Users (and their requirements)
Approach, milestones and deliverables
Approach
Overall plan, steps, etc.
Start by doing a literature study. We want to make/ build a prototype and then interview healthcare workers on their opinions on our idea.
| Week 1 | Week 2 | Week 3 | Week 4 | Week 5 | Week 6 | Week 7 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 13/02 Mail with topic and group | Make sketch for prototype | Start on prototype* | Work on prototype | Finalise and test the prototype (make adjustments if necessary) | Prepare presentation | Presentation |
| Set up project | Work on the design of the prototype | Set up the interview schedule | Make informed consent form | Interview healthcare workers on prototype* | Interpret results from interviews | |
| Search and summarize 25 research papers | Order all necessary components | Start looking for interviewees | ||||
| Work on Problem statement, Objectives, Users, approach, Milestones, Deliverables,
and Planning |
*rough estimate in planning
Milestones
What are the big checkpoints, so how long will we be working on each section e.g.
Week 1:
- Finish Problem statement, Objectives, Users, approach, Milestones, Deliverables, and Planning sections
- Finish State of the art section
Week 2:
- Finish making sketches
- Finalise the prototype design
Week 4:
- Finalise Informed consent form
- Finalise interview schedule
Week 5:
- Finalise the prototype and receive feedback
Week 6:
- Receive all data from the interviews
Week 7:
- Give final presentation
Deliverables
What we will be handing in (so are we making a prototype, literature study, etc.)
- Fuctional prototype
- Result of the interviews
- Report about the project in this Wiki
Planning
Taakverdeling (is this needed when we have a log book?)
State of the art
Literature study with at least 25 relevant papers
Marysia:
Effects of Music on Agitation in Dementia: A Meta-Analysis
https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00742/full
Pedersen et al. performed a meta-analysis to (1) investigate whether music therapy has a positive effect on reducing agitation for patients with dementia. Furthermore, they (2) compare personalized and group music intervention. Besides that, Pedersen (3) evaluates the effect of preferences in music by comparing music based on patient preference without prior consultation with patients or caregivers. Lastly, the study (4) focusses on comparing the benefits of active versus passive music intervention. In active music intervention, participants actively engage by singing, dancing, or playing an instrument. In passive music intervention, participants listen to live or recorded music without actively engaging.
The results of this meta-analysis indicate that (1) music intervention does significantly decrease agitation in patients with dementia. Furthermore, the analysis (2) shows that personalized music therapy may have a larger effect in certain cases, however the effect is less consistent across the different studies used in this research. Both individual and prescribed music preferences (3) show a medium effect size. Finally, both active and passive music interventions have similar effects. Passive interventions may work better in different settings.
The study performed by Pedersen et al. indicated that music intervention has a reducing effect on agitation of patients with dementia.
The Impact of Music on the Self in Dementia
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322358822_The_Impact_of_Music_on_the_Self_in_Dementia
This study proposes a theoretical framework which enhances the sense self in patients with dementia. To explain this framework, numerous features of music have been mentioned: Engaging, Persuasive, Social, Synchronization, Physical, Emotional, and Personal.
This framework explains how music engages the five aspects of one’s self, namely ecological, interpersonal, private, extended, and conceptual self.
The ecological self is the self has it is perceived through sensory information and the environment. Numerous features of music, such as physical, synchronous, engaging, and emotional, are important for this self. The interpersonal self can be explained as the self that socially interacts with others. Here the persuasive and engaging aspects of music play a key role. The extended self shows how the self was in the past and how it might be in the future. The different way of engaging with music, and the personal and emotional features of music contributed to engaging the extended self for people with dementia. The private self exists of experiences that others do not have access to, such as thoughts, beliefs, and experiences. Music can help this self as a new way to express themselves. Finally, the conceptual self is indicated the concept that the individual has of themselves, for example self-identity, roles, and social identity.
The researchers of this paper identify the music features and the aspects of the self using two case studies and conclude that music has a unique ability to engage with multiple aspects of the self.
Music and dementia: Observing effects and searching for underlying theories
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21069595/
This research paper studies whether the effect of music on dementia is beneficial and if so, why that is the case. The article focusses on three key areas, namely “music and memory”, “music and depression”, and “Agitation and aggressive behaviors”.
The article states that some people with dementia remember music longer than they remember and respond to other types of information.
Reminiscence music therapy, music therapy that uses familiar songs to trigger memories of the individual with dementia, has reduced working on symptoms of depression. This could be explained by the fact that music induced physical and emotional changes. Furthermore, music could help reduce stress, sooth pain and energize the body. Therefore, music could be used as an aid for mood regulations.
Moreover, music has a beneficial influence on reducing agitated and aggressive behaviors of individuals with dementia during various activities and various times. Playing music that is preferred by the participant has the biggest outcome. Music makes sounds more familiar and predictable. This could lead to creating a positive emotional state as people retrieve positive memories.
Music and the wellbeing of people with dementia
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/231844344_Music_and_the_wellbeing_of_people_with_dementia
In this study, Sixsmith and Gibson perform qualitative research on the influence that music has on the everyday life of participants with dementia. In-depth interviews were conducted with a sample size consisting of 26 patients with dementia living in either their own homes or in residential care. This paper highlights the benefits of music but also the problems that could arise while listening or actively participating in musical activities.
The data from the interviews shows that the beneficial effect of having music in the lives of people with dementia could enhance the feelings of wellbeing. Music could make people with dementia ready to express their happiness both physically and emotionally.
Furthermore, music supports valued activities. Playing music in the background while working on a task could make the task more enjoyable for people with dementia.
Moreover, music encourages social interaction. During musical activities, most of the participants were accompanied by their family, carers or by other people with dementia. Music therefore is a way for people with dementia to communicate with other sand have meaningful social interactions.
Lastly, music gives people with dementia a higher degree of empowerment and control over their own lives.
Sixsmith and Gibson state multiple challenges that arise when people with dementia engage with music, such as difficulties expressing their preferences, hearing difficulties, the loss of confidence, and social barriers in care homes.
The importance of music for people with dementia: the perspectives of people with dementia, family carers, staff and music therapists
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24410398/
This research paper focused on the meaning and value of musical intervention for not only people with dementia, but also their families, care home staff and music therapists. McDermott et al. are aiming to explore the meaning and value of music from the people with dementia point of view. The paper also analyses how families, care home staff and music therapists view the effects of music. Furthermore, the paper aims to find a link between psychosocial factors and the results of the study to be able to develop a theoretical musical framework of music in dementia.
The qualitative data was ‘gotten’ from conducting focus groups and interviews with care home residents with dementia and their families, care home staff, music therapies, and day hospital clients with dementia.
From the data received, it can be concluded that meaningful musical experience could result in people with dementia feeling emotionally connected with other people. Moreover, musical activities lead to social interaction between residents and staff in care homes. That has resulted in a more positive impact on the environment of the care home.
The researchers also state that music is linked to personal identity and life history of people with dementia.
Agnes
Impacts of Music Intervention on Dementia: A Review Using Meta-Narrative Method and Agenda for Future Research
https://www.mdpi.com/2035-8377/13/1/1
Lisa
Effects of Music Therapy on Patients with Dementia—A Systematic Review
https://www.mdpi.com/2308-3417/5/4/62
Music and Other Strategies to Improve the Care of Agitated Patients with Dementia
Individualized music played for agitated patients with dementia: Analysis of video-recorded sessions
Continuous stress detection using the sensors of commercial smartwatch
Stress Watch: The Use of Heart Rate and Heart Rate Variability to Detect Stress: A Pilot Study Using Smart Watch Wearables
https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/22/1/151
Mare
Log Book
Add the hours of work you spent in a week, what tasks you worked on and how long those subtasks took inside of your own table. Per week we should be able to see the total and there will also be a grand total at the end of the project.
| Week | Task | Hours |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Brainstorm | 1 |
| Search literature studies | 2 | |
| Summarize literature studies | 5 | |
| Problem statement | 1 | |
| Approach, Milestones, and Deliverables | 2 | |
| Total | 11 | |
| 2 |
| Week | Task | Hours |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Brainstorm | 1 |
| Total | 1 | |
| 2 |
| Week | Task | Hours |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Brainstorm | 1 |
| Setting up the wiki page | 1 | |
| Total | 2 | |
| 2 |
| Week | Task | Hours |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Brainstorm | 1 |
| Search literature | 1 | |
| Total | 2 | |
| 2 |
| Week | Task | Hours |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Brainstorm | 1 |
| Total | 1 | |
| 2 |
References
- ADI - Dementia Statistics. (n.d.). ADI - Dementia Statistics. https://www.alzint.org/about/dementia-facts-figures/dementia-statistics/
- 2. Sharp, S. (2007). Home From Home : A report highlighting opportunities for improving standards of dementia care in care homes. Alzheimer’s Society. https://europepmc.org/abstract/CTX/c3064