PRE2020 4 Group2
Group members
| Name | Student ID |
|---|---|
| Jasmijn de Joode | 1358073 |
| Robin Foppen | 1394746 |
| Mirre Bosma | 1266489 |
| Dirk de Leeuw | 1358081 |
| Job van Heumen | 1380036 |
Problem statement
With our climate changing natural disasters are happening at a larger rate[1]. Thus, we, as humanity, need to prepare for these disasters and try to prevent them. Unfortunately, this will not always work and in the cases this doesn’t work these disasters can cause a lot of damage. One of the results of natural disasters is collapsed buildings. When this happens search and rescue is necessary to save the people trapped inside the building.
Experience has shown that the chances of survival are highest when people have been rescued within 72 hours [2]. After this time frame, the number of survivors found drops drastically. So, it is especially important to have all hands on deck as soon as possible. This is where robots can be of great help.
One of the reasons that we do not make this 72 hour deadline, is that it might be too dangerous for the search and rescue workers to go inside of the rubble. There is danger of collapse, which for the workers could be detrimental. Luckily, robotica can help us work around this problem in various ways. Robots can be used to map the building underneath the rubble and help find victims in places the rescue workers are not able to access[3].
Advances in robotics still have to be made to make this work even better. So we will define the shortcomings that exist today and try to find where the next innovations can be made.
Deliverables
For this project, we want to start with a literature study on different Urban Search and Rescue robots. Our objective for this research is to find possible limitations of the current state of the robots, and give suggestions for short and long-term future improvements on both the technology aspect (efficiency) as well as the human-robot interaction aspect. The current state of art of the robots will be investigated, whereupon next the limitations will rise and further developments will be determined.
In search and rescue missions it is very important to determine whether it is safe to go in or not. We will investigate the dangers for safety workers to enter a building. We will connect the knowledge we have gotten about the state of the art with the needs for determining safety of a building. Combining these two things, we would like to come up with a prototype that can be used to make an overview of the dangers in the building.
Week planning
| Week | To do |
|---|---|
| 1 | First lecture and think about possible subjects |
| 2 | Do research about chosen subject |
| 3 | Do research about specific rescue robots and specify subject. |
| Research what needs to be done in case of building collapse. Look into what needs to be done in order to be able to enter a building safely. | |
| 4 | What does the robot need for specific techniques? Look into what techniques already exist and what is still needed. |
| 5 | Begin designing a prototype |
| 6 | Finish the prototype. Discuss the prototype and what possible future improvements are |
| 7 | Extra time to finish prototype or solve other unforeseen problems. Make the presentation |
| 8 | Record presentation |
| 9 | Clean up wiki |
Abstract
There is already so much possible and so much knowledge about robots and how they can help make our lives easier. Even if we limit ourselves to rescue robots, there exist too many robots to know them all. So, at the start of this project we wanted to do an assessment of the different robots that already exist and can assist in search and rescue missions. This way we can get a feeling of what already exists, what is still missing and what is possible nowadays. An overview of different kinds of robots is described in the chapter about the state of the art.
Next, we needed to limit ourselves even more than just saying rescue robots. So, in order to choose a specific direction we looked at what needs to happen in the case of a collapsed building. After looking at the different steps that need to be taken in a search and rescue mission, we decided that to look into robots that can assess the risks when entering a building after it has collapsed. These risks include gas leaks, electric shock, partial collapse and asphyxiation hazards.
After looking at the multiple ways that robots can help detect and/or solve safety risks, we have chosen to look into how robots can help with the detection of gas leaks. The current idea is to investigate robot swarms. This means that you take at least 3 robots. These robots must carry equipment to detect different kinds of gasses and they communicate with each other to find the spot with the highest amount of gasses in the air.
State of the art
In this section we look at examples of the newest/best-developed robots that exist at this time. The different robots have been divided into ground robots and aerial robots. The ground robots are then again split up into legged robots and tracked and wheeled robots. There are also robot competitions. What is the value of this?
We will discuss the state of the art of Search and Rescue (SAR) robots. There are two types of SAR robots, namely Urban Search and Rescue and Maritime Search and Rescue. We will only focus on Urban Search and Rescue (USAR). USAR may be needed for multiple kinds of emergencies, for example earthquakes, storms and tornadoes, floods and technological accidents. Research and projects are concerned with localizing, extracting and medical stabilization of trapped victims.
Since disaster areas are often dangerous for humans, it is convenient to make use of robots to investigate the area and help victims. Robots are also capable to carry out tasks which are very hard or even impossible for human rescue teams, for example finding victims with the help of thermographic cameras.
Current applications of USAR robots do not include autonomous robots. This is because current technology is not advanced enough to develop fully autonomous robots which are capable to cope with these complex, unpredictable and unstructured environments. Maybe in the far future there will be autonomous robots which can execute USAR missions without any help of humans. However, this is not realistic on short term. This does not mean that robots are not helpful in current USAR projects and missions, but we need to find a balance in the human-robot interaction. There are different kinds of USAR robots, we will discuss ground and aerial robots.
Ground robots
One of the primary challenges for ground robots is the movement in the environment. This is a hard task, because in contrast with for example traffic environments, disaster areas are often unstructured, unpredictable and unknown. It usually also contains many obstacles. To avoid these obstacles, USAR teams can make use of legged ground robots.
Legged robots
Legged robots are robots with jointed limbs, that often imitate legged animals. They can assist a rescue team with carrying heavy payloads, are able to perform long-duration missions, and are able to interact with the environment and to move in complex terrains. For search and rescue, they should be able to apply different gaits and maneuvers depending on the terrain and obstacles.[4].
ANYmal
ANYmal is developed to be deployed on the field and work in harsh conditions. It has incorporated laser sensors and cameras, so the robot can perceive its environment, accurately localize and autonomously plan its navigation path and get there by carefully selecting footholds while walking. It only weighs about 30 kg, so the robot can be easily transported by a single operator. Researchers are still further improving the locomotion skills of ANYmal to make it capable of dealing with situations that might be encountered in a search and rescue scenario and they will integrate an arm on ANYmal: this will result in the robot having the potential to manipulate objects, to move through closed doors, or simply to use the arm as an additional point of contact.[4]
KROCK-2
Krock-2 is, like ANYmal, a quadruped rescue robot with sensors and subsystems to make it suitable for disaster response missions. The robot has force sensors with which the robot can feel its immediate environment, and thus improve its locomotion capabilities. It can surpass obstacles twice as high as the robot itself but also move under narrow passages of the same height. The components of the robot can be replaced easily on the field. Next to that, the robot is mechanically symmetrical from top to bottom, front to back and left to right, which results in the robot being able to operate in any condition even after a fall.[4]
Atlas
Atlas, unlike the other legged robots mentioned here, is more human than animal like and walks on two legs instead of four. Atlas is intended to aid emergency services in search and rescue operations: this includes performing tasks such as shutting off valves, opening doors and operating powered equipment in environments where humans could not survive. It is able to walk over a wide range of terrain, like snow, and can do backflips and cartwheels. It uses sensors to remain balanced, avoid obstacles, assess the terrain, help with navigation, and manipulate (moving) objects.[5] In the 2015 DARPA competition of robotics, Atlas was able to complete all eight tasks as follows: drive a utility vehicle at the site; travel dismounted across rubble; remove debris blocking an entryway; open a door and enter a building; climb an industrial ladder and traverse an industrial walkway; use a tool to break through a concrete panel; locate and close a valve near a leaking pipe; connect a fire hose to a standpipe and turn on a valve.[6]
BigDog
Another quadruped robot is BigDog, which is not created particularly for rescue, but for military use. It was created in the hope it would be able to serve as a robotic pack mule to accompany soldiers in rough terrains, instead of conventional vehicles: because instead of wheels or treads, BigDog has four legs, allowing it to move across surfaces that are too rough for wheels. BigDog uses a variety of sensors, including joint position and ground contact. BigDog also features a laser gyroscope and a stereo vision system. It can travel on several kinds of terrain, like ice, mud, forest and it is able to recover balance after skidding in slope or when kicked by someone. By the hand of this robot, Boston Dynamics has developed more quadruped robots like WildCat (which was the fastest untethered quadruped robot in the world in 2013), LittleDog, and Spot.[7]
MIT Cheetah
Another quadruple-legged robot is MIT Cheetah: the total power utilized by the robot is very much similar to running animals. The robot has good locomotion skills, it can for instance run on a treadmill and on grassy and uneven terrain in a controlled manner and jump over hurdles.[7]
Why (four-)legged robots?
Legged robots have more potential than wheeled or and tracked robots because they can work in cluttered terrain, complex and hazardous environments, since they are more like humans and animals. The quadruped robots are the best choice among all legged robots related to mobility and stability of locomotion, because four legs are easily controlled, designed, and maintained compared to two or six legs. However, legged robots in general are hard to control. These robots need to have complicated structures with multiple legs and actuators for stability and multiple sensors to perceive their environment. This results in that the legged robots are often more expensive than wheeled or tracked robots. This is one of the reasons that legged robots are currently not used as much as wheeled or tracked robots in real-life situations. Another technical problem is that legged robots in a disaster environment need to be very adaptable, not just in their intended design, but they also need to be able to adapt to possible damage, for example to the loss of one of its legs. This is important, because legged robots are usually more fragile than wheeled or tracked robots. Learning algorithms can be used to solve this problem.[7]
Tracked and Wheeled robots
Another type of ground robots are tracked and wheeled robots. One of the advantages of these type of robots over legged robots is their stability and that these robots are easier to navigate. However, these robots are not as good at moving through challenging terrain as legged robots, because tracked and wheeled robots are not able to step over obstacles. Since tracked and wheeled robots do not need to have such complicated structures as legged robots, several recent European projects have already utilized tracked or wheeled ground platforms in different rescue environments. We will discuss two European projects: ICARUS and TRADR.
Aerial Robots
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV’s) have many benefits over ground vehicles. They can be used to get a good view on the disaster area, but they can also be used to get to small spaces where UGV’s cannot reach. However UAV’s also have some disadvantages. Because of their size and power constraints, UAV’s are not able to carry heavy equipment or medical supplies with them. Furthermore, they are usually quite fragile. This means that UAV’s need to be very careful to not collide into walls or other obstacles.
When a building collapse, the first hours are the most crucial. The search and rescue is extremely time-consuming and difficult at the same time. The main reason what makes it this hard, is because it is simply too dangerous to just enter. In these cases, a tunnel needs to be constructed or the building needs to be entered from the top. The presence of living victims demands the available resources on those structures. Unmanned aerial vehicles can provide a solution to this time-consuming problem. UAV’s are capable of entering small spaces and search through structures that are too dangerous for the rescuers to enter. These small vehicles can pinpoint the exact location of the victims within the collapsed building, and potentially detect the assessment of the victims’ condition. When using UAV’s in collapsed building search mission, a highly specialized equipment is needed. The following list shows the must haves for such a mission and some considerations. Note that most of the features add some weight or require power, only limited supply available!, can affect the endurance of the UAV.
Four type of drones: 1. Multi-rotor: best option for usar! 2. Fixed wing 3. Single roto 4. Hybrid vtol
Contests
ICARUS
ICARUS focuses on developing integrated tools for search and rescue, utilizing teams of air, ground, and marine vehicles. One of the projects of ICARUS is an unmanned ground vehicle (UGV) which consists of two UGV’s: One large UGV and one small UGV. The larger UGV is used as a Mobile sensor platform. The large UGV collects large amounts of data that is necessary to navigate through the environment. Platform for powerful manipulator. The large UGV will be able to remove small obstacles from its path or to free a victim. Transport platform for small UGV. The large UGV will be used as a platform to carry several small UGV’s. The small UGV is used to enter collapsed buildings without damaging these buildings. These small UGV’s can be used to find and help trapped or injured victims. Since this vehicle is small it cannot be equipped with sophisticated sensors nor with a powerful computation unit. For this reason, the level of autonomy of this vehicle will be quite low.
TRADR
After the earthquake in Amatrice, Italy in 2016, a team of the TRADR project made use of two UGV’s and three unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV’s) (see the picture on the right) to provide a 3D model of two partially collapsed churches. The mission was a success and the UGV’s and UAV’s were able to collect enough data for a high quality 3D model of the two churches.
Technological development
Natural disaster scenarios are one of the reasons why ground robots are being developed. One of the main challenges is to be able to navigate on complex terrain. Another reason that pushes the technological development of tracked and wheeled robots are open robotic challenges. Some examples are: The ARGOS challenge (ARGOS, 2017). This challenge was won by team argonauts with a tracked robot from the company TAUROB (TAUROB, 2017) (see Figure 3). The DARPA Robotic Challenge. After the nuclear disaster at Fukushima in Japan 2011 it became clear that humans are very vulnerable to natural and man-made disasters. Existing rescue robots were at that time unable to prevent or reduce the damage. This was the reason that the Challenge was created in 2012 by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). The primary goal of the challenge was to stimulate the development of human-supervised ground robots which should be able to execute complex tasks in dangerous environments.
What to do in case of a structural collapse?
As the title pretty much already tells us, this section is about what to do in the case of a collapsed building. We already saw that in a rescue mission, the first 72 hours are the most important for rescuing survivors. In this section we will see what needs to be done to act as safely and efficiently as possible.
There are multiple sources that give a 5 step plan in case of a collapsed building. Although they differ slightly, they all boil down to the same 5 steps. We will use the steps set by the OCHA[8]
- The first step is initializing the search and rescue teams as quickly as possible.
- The second step is analysis of the building. What are the dangers for rescue workers when entering the building?
- The third step is finding the survivors in the building.
- The fourth step is getting people out of the rubble.
- And the fifth and last step deciding when to close the operation.
Step 1 - initializing search and rescue teams
On the site of USAR, it says that they are available in the Netherlands within 4 hours and internationally they can be on-site within 24 hours. As we saw in the problem statement, it is very important for search and rescue teams to be on-site and working as quickly as possible, since the first 72 hours are the most important in recovering survivors.
Step 2 - analyse the building
The book Protecting Emergency Responders, Volume 4: Personal Protective Equipment Guidelines for Structural Collapse Events[9] gives a great overview of the different dangers there are in a search and rescue mission. So, we will use this book to give a short summary of the different kinds of hazards. They make the differentiation between physical, chemical and biological hazards. These three hazards are in turn divided into sub hazards. So, we will look at these separately, since they all need different approaches to dealing with them.
Physical hazards
Electric shock - After a collapse, electric cables can be downed and severed. Rescue workers and people who were in the building at the moment of the collapse can get hurt from this in several ways. Rescue workers can get hurt from direct contact with an electrical source, but electricity can also reach a rescue worker through the air. Possibly clothing can catch fire because of heat generated by an electric source. And of course, if there is flooding, electricity could also travel through the water. Basically, there are many ways in which severed wires can hurt rescue workers. So, it is very important to make sure that electric lines are not energized.
Fires and explosions - There might be fuel stored on-site or be gas leaks that provide fuel for fires or explosions. an explosion could have been the cause of the collapse in the first place, or maybe pipes have burst because of the collapse. In either case, it is important to check. Especially, since electric cables might be severed, they can easily spark a fire. Also, the collapse might be the result of a terrorist attack. In this case, there might for example still be bombs that could go off.
Hearing loss because of excessive noise - The site of a collapsed structure is very noisy. For example, in order to free people from the rubble, excavating equipment is needed. These tools for drilling and digging make a lot of noise.
Asphyxiation hazard - There are a number of reasons why there might not be enough oxygen in a certain space. There can be oxygen consumption or oxygen displacement. Oxygen consumption can happen when there is a combustion in a poorly ventilated space or if there are a lot of people in a small space. Oxygen displacement can occur when large amounts of gasses are released into a (small) space.
Chemical hazards
There are numerous chemicals that can be released due to the collapse of a building. The chemicals can come out of the building materials that are pulverized or chemical storage tanks or containers can be damaged because of the collapse. If there is incomplete combustion or fires, this can increase the amount of chemicals in the air.
There is a lot to say about the types of chemical hazards and how these chemicals can be released, but for now, it is enough to just state that there are chemical hazards.
Biological hazards
The last hazard to discuss is biological hazards. Possible ways for pathogens to be released are from damaged sewer systems or they can be bloodborne from infected patients.
Just like with the chemical hazard, there is a lot more to say about this, but for now, just the fact that they exist is enough.
Step 3 - find survivors
This step has been most researched in combination with robot assistance. On multiple occasions, robots have helped find people caught in the rubble.
Here we will mainly look at ways where no robots are used.[10]
Rescue dogs - The use of rescue dogs is very important. The exceptional nose of dogs can help the rescue workers locate victims. One of the downsides of using dogs is the communication between the dog and its handler. This lack of communication might lead to incomplete or inaccurate information, which in turn could mean missing someone. [11]. Another problem is that dogs might get to a location where rescue workers are not (yet) able to get[12]. This is why research has already been done as to how robots might assist canine search.
Knowledge of locals - Locals might know where in the building the chances are the biggest that people were there at the time of the collapse.
Weak buidings - Weak buildings can of course collapse very easily, but the material is often also very light. Which means that the chance of people surviving even though they are covered under the building, is higher than when a building is made of very heavy material.
Strong buildings - Certain parts of buildings are stronger than other parts. Under/in parts that are very strong, the chances are largest that there are open spaces where people are caught in. So, if people were inside these spaces at the time of the collapse, the possibility of survival is quite high.
Video cameras - Using cameras with heat vision, the hot spots on the video might be identified as people.
Listening
Shifting rubble - When lifting debris, limbs of survivors can become visible.
Step 4 - rescue survivors
Once the hazards of going into the building have been identified and it is known where survivors are located, the next step is to rescue the survivors. The only way to do this is by creating pathways through which the victims can be reached and help them get out.
Step 5 - close the operation
At some point, the chances of finding survivors has become so low, that the operation can be closed. But deciding when this is, is always a difficult decision to make.
Summary
After discussing the different steps, we have decided to zoom in on step 2 - analysis of the building. Step 1, 4 and 5 are difficult to improve with the use of robots. In step 2, robots can be of great value. Since getting to work as quickly as possible is of utmost importance, what better to help us find gas leaks, severed cables or other dangers than robots.
Contribution of robots in the detection of safety hazards
(possible) applications of ground robots at disaster zones
some (possible) applications of ground robots are:
Remote sensing (obtaining information from a distance). For example in disaster areas (thermographic) cameras could help a robot to find trapped or injured victims.
Victim interaction (helping victims) or extraction (saving trapped victims). For example supplying food to trapped victims or helping trapped victims to be released.
Remote firefighting. In combination with a remote medic a ground robot can be used to interact with victims through telepresence.
Gas leaks, severed wires and asphyxiation hazard
There is already gas detection equipment. There is equipment that can detect frequencies that are emitted if there is a partial ... / severed cable. And there are devices that can measure oxygen levels. If these different types of equipment are attached to a robot, the robot could move around the building and give an idea of for example the different kinds of gasses and the places where the gasses are in the building.
Ideas for robots that could help
- Robots that can create steunpilaren
- Look at cheaper ways of developing robots, this way they can more easily be employed also in poorer countries
- A swarm of robots that can detect gas levels and communicate with each other and using particle swarm optimization find gas leaks
- A flexible robot that can wrap itself around a gas leak and thus close it.
Logbook
Week 1 and 2
| Name | Student ID | Time spent | Tasks |
|---|---|---|---|
| Jasmijn de Joode | 1358073 | 4.5h | Write deliverables (0.5h), Do research (4h) |
| Robin Foppen | 1394746 | 4.5h | Do research (4h), Write deliverables (0.5h) |
| Mirre Bosma | 1266489 | 4h | Write problem statement (1.5h), Do research (2.5h), Write wiki page (0.5h) |
| Dirk de Leeuw | 1358081 | 4.5h | Problem statement (2h) Research (2.5h) |
| Job van Heumen | 1380036 | 5h | Do research and write state of the art (4.5h), write wiki page (0.5h) |
Week 3
| Name | Student ID | Time spent | Tasks |
|---|---|---|---|
| Jasmijn de Joode | 1358073 | 3.5h | Research legged robots (3h), edit wikipage (0.5h) |
| Robin Foppen | 1394746 | 4h | Drone research and writing (2.5h), update wiki (0.5h), step 2 research (1h) |
| Mirre Bosma | 1266489 | 7h | Research what needs to be done in case of collapse (4.5h) Order wiki page, add short summary begin sections and reference correctly (1h) Do research to what is needed to screen a building and come up with ideas for robots (1.5h) |
| Dirk de Leeuw | 1358081 | 3h | Research Wheeled and tracked robots(3h) |
| Job van Heumen | 1380036 | 5h | Research about the inspection of damaged buildings (5h) |
Week 4
| Name | Student ID | Time spent | Tasks |
|---|---|---|---|
| Jasmijn de Joode | 1358073 | h | |
| Robin Foppen | 1394746 | h | |
| Mirre Bosma | 1266489 | 3.5h | Research to robot swarms (1.5h) Work on wiki(2h) |
| Dirk de Leeuw | 1358081 | h | |
| Job van Heumen | 1380036 | h |
Week 5
| Name | Student ID | Time spent | Tasks |
|---|---|---|---|
| Jasmijn de Joode | 1358073 | h | |
| Robin Foppen | 1394746 | h | |
| Mirre Bosma | 1266489 | h | |
| Dirk de Leeuw | 1358081 | h | |
| Job van Heumen | 1380036 | h |
References
- ↑ Mauch, C., & Pfister, C. (2009). Natural disasters: Case studies toward a global environmental history. Rowman & Littlefield publishers, Inc.
- ↑ Sheu, L.-R., Shih, B.-J., & Chuan-Wei, W. (n.d.). The search and rescue operation in collapsed building caused by earthquakes: a case study. Retrieved from http://www.iaarc.org/publications/fulltext/isarc2000-183_TC1.pdf
- ↑ R. R. Murphy, "Trial by fire [rescue robots]," in IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 50-61, Sept. 2004, doi: 10.1109/MRA.2004.1337826.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Hutter, M., Gambardella, L., Ijspeert, A., & Chli, M. (2021, March 4). Legged robots. Retrieved May 5, 2021, from https://nccr-robotics.ch/research/rescue-robotics/legged-robots/
- ↑ Markoff, J. (2013, 13 juli). Modest Debut of Atlas May Foreshadow Age of ‘Robo Sapiens’. The New York Times. Retrieved May 5, 2021, from https://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/12/science/modest-debut-of-atlas-may-foreshadow-age-of-robo-sapiens.html
- ↑ Wikipedia contributors. (2021, 19 april). Atlas (robot). Wikipedia. Retrieved May 5, 2021, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlas_(robot)
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Biswal, P., & Mohanty, P. K. (2020). Development of quadruped walking robots: A review. Ain Shams Engineering Journal. Published. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2020.11.005
- ↑ How to: Rescue people trapped in a collapsed building - Indonesia. (2009, October 8). Retrieved May 4, 2021, from https://reliefweb.int/report/indonesia/how-rescue-people-trapped-collapsed-building
- ↑ Willis, H., Castle, N., Sloss, E., & Bartis, J. (2006). Protecting Emergency Responders, Volume 4: Personal Protective Equipment Guidelines for Structural Collapse Events. Santa Monica, CA; Arlington, VA; Pittsburgh, PA: RAND Corporation. Retrieved May 12, 2021, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7249/mg425niosh
- ↑ BBC News - Earthquake rescue: How survivors are found. (n.d.). Retrieved May 4, 2021, from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8459653.stm
- ↑ J. Tran, A. Ferworn, C. Ribeiro and M. Denko, "Enhancing canine disaster search," 2008 IEEE International Conference on System of Systems Engineering, 2008, pp. 1-5, doi: 10.1109/SYSOSE.2008.4724181.
- ↑ J. Tran, A. Ferworn, M. Gerdzhev and D. Ostrom, "Canine Assisted Robot Deployment for Urban Search and Rescue," 2010 IEEE Safety Security and Rescue Robotics, 2010, pp. 1-6, doi: 10.1109/SSRR.2010.5981564.