PRE2017 4 Groep1

Group members

Thomas Boot	0988095	Industrial Engineering
Jelte Dirks	0908196	Computer Science and Engineering
Maurits van Riezen	1050246	Software Science
Linh Tran	0936651	Electrical Engineering
Roan Weterings	0888129	Psychology and Technology

Planning

The most recent Gantt chart has the most recent approach, planning, milestones, deliverables and task-division overview.

File:OGO Robots Everywhere Gantt V1.pdf

Week 1: The Plan

Brainstorm

Festival	Smartwear bag with necessities for First Aid and Organisation personnel. Drone will automatically bring new supplies when necessary.
Extreme Sports/Exploration	Smartwear monitors health, etc. Drone will fly in to bring First aid equipment for self-help, location data will be used to send First Aid personnel if necessary.
Cameraman	Smartwear monitors heartrate of many or all people at an event. A location with the highest average heartrate has the most exciting event. The drone will fly to the most exciting event to film footage.
Police aid	Drone can fly around for easy patrolling, the drone can be sent to a specific location as a scout, the drone has an easier time chasing someone.
Shock band (unethical)	People who leave trash anywhere but a recycling bin will get a small shock. The band has an NFC chip for payments within the event so people will wear and use it, eliminating the hassle with plastic chips and coins as well.

Literature Research/State of the Art

User needs, Extreme Sports

Extreme sports in Extreme conditions

Dr. M. Malashenkova (2016), exercise physiologist, has given a definition of extreme sports: “The definition “Extreme” in relation to sport is performed in a hazardous environment and involves great risk. In the modern world of extreme sports, a number of factors require an athlete to have maximum concentration, cope with the stress and physical and emotional mobilisation capabilities. Common to all of these sports are risk-taking, pushing limits (physical and legal) and having fun.” As extreme sports, she recognises: “trekking, paragliding, rock climbing, mountain bike, snorkeling, hot air ballooning, hand gliding, wind surfing, canoeing, sailing, skydiving, surfing, bungee jumping, scuba diving, snowboarding, and skiing” (Malashenkova, 2016). These sports are practiced in a wide variety of locations and in a wide variety of extreme natural conditions to do with “hypoxia, altitude, speed, atmospheric pressure, wind, and temperature”. Some people are capable of adapting to these extreme conditions by increasing functional reserves, though it is unclear if everyone can adapt to such extremes. When conducting research in this area, special attention should be given to safety, medical monitoring, and psychological testing of participants (Malashenkova, 2016).

Sports in extreme conditions: the impact of exercise in cold temperatures on asthma and bronchial hyper-responsiveness in athletes (only abstract available)

Athletes performing outdoor endurance winter sports frequently report exercise-induced asthma (EIA) and bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR). EIA is likely caused by the increase in breathing rate; water and heat loss are elevated, and in combination with the increased breathing rate can lead to inflammation of the airways. This can lead to increased parasympathetic nervous activity, likely leading to BHR. Sporters in these conditions ought to be regularly assessed in terms of lung function and BHR. These conditions can be alleviated or cured with medicinal treatment (Carlsen, 2012).

Extreme sports: Extreme physiology. Exercise‐induced pulmonary oedema (only abstract available)

During an extreme triathlon event in australia, certain participants were afflicted with dyspnoea (shortness of breath for an abnormal duration), haemoptysis (coughing up blood), and pulmonary oedema (fluid accumulation in the lungs) (Ma and Dutch, 2013).

Sports and extreme conditions. Cardiovascular incidence in long term exertion and extreme temperatures (heat, cold) (only abstract available)

Extreme sports tend to result in a higher body temperature and more sweating, which can result in dehydration and therefore a lower blood volume. This dehydration can also lead to an inability to regulate body temperature leading to thermal stress and injury such as heat stroke. Extended periods of sweating can lead to hyponatremia; decreased sodium concentration in one’s blood, leading to headaches, nausea, balancing issues, confusion, seizures and coma. Chances of thermal stress due to heat (hyperthermia) can be increased by a hot environment, as well as elevated levels of air humidity. Cold temperatures can result in hypothermia and frostbite (Melin and Savourey, 2001).

Emerging Environmental and Weather Challenges in Outdoor Sports

Because of climate change effects seen around the globe, current advice concerning extreme sports in extreme environments may well have become insufficient. plain weather indications no longer allow for an accurate estimation of heat or cold related illnesses and injuries. Several environmental and weather challenges include:

• Heat (treat heat related illnesses by developing cardiorespiratory fitness, using pre-cooling and ingestion of cold air, water or ice, acclimatization, and hydration and salt balance strategies)
• Ultraviolet exposure (skin cancers and sunburn, use sunscreen and UVR (Ultra Violet Ray) protective textiles.)
• Lightning (lethal injuries, use weather reports, taking shelter if necessary)
• Air pollution (deteriorating lung functionality, inflammation, immune system issues, bronchitis, asthma, etc.) (higher fitness level, train away from cars)
• Cold (hypothermia, frostbite, asthma, cardiovascular events, hallucinations, exacerbation through hypoxia, use protective clothing to prevent heat loss, no constricting clothing)
• Altitude (lower or higher pressure, hypoxia, high altitude sicknesses: pulmonary edema, cerebral edema. Use altitude acclimatization.)
• Snow and avalanche (asphyxia, compression, hypercapnia, hypoxia, use education, safety gears)
• Exercise induced asthma and bronchial hyperresponsiveness (use pollen distribution forecasts, antihistamines, immunotherapy, air acclimatisation gear (for cold air))

(Brocherie, Girard and Millet, 2015).

Extreme Sports: Injuries and Medical Coverage

Common injuries sustained from extreme sports include: head injury, wrist injury, fractures, internal injuries, microtrauma to the scrotum, ankle injury, knee injury, overuse injury, stress fractures, ligament and tendon injury, finger injury, concussion, abdominal injury, sunburn, dehydration, hyponatremia, and sleep deprivation. Some new extreme sports even include marathons on the south pole, or in the desert. Protective gear is advised to help alleviate some risk factors. There is a need for better medical coverage, better design of protective equipment, and assistance in event planning. currently it is difficult to handle injuries during a race, and equally difficult to arrange evacuations, because medical personnel needs the same advanced skills as the participants to reach them (Young, 2002).

Extreme Sports as a Precursor to Environmental Sustainability

Extreme sports gained a reputation for being for risk seeking adrenaline junkies, without much recognition for how extreme sports influence one’s relationship with the natural world. The reason to participate in extreme sports is not as shallow as just the adrenaline rush; they trigger deep personal changes in courage and humility amongst other construct (Brymer and Oades, 2009). The emphasis lies on how the sports change the relationship with nature, and how it is experienced (Brymer, Downey and Gray, 2009).

Performing in extreme sports works as a demonstration of human power, resilience, and robustness, which is done because society makes people feel powerless and insignificant. (Le Breton, 2000; Palmer, 2000). According to people in favour of ecopsychology, activities in nature are beneficial to psychological well being. They help kickstart combating environmental problems because they increase interest in the natural world beyond seeing it as a mere resource. This is because these activities help us recognise and realise we are part of the natural world, which helps people to actually adopt more environmentally sustainable practices (Brymer, Downey and Gray, 2009). This means participating in extreme sports would be beneficial to society, the environment, and individuals; provided it can be done in a safer or more controlled manner.

The extreme sports experience: A research report

Participants of extreme sports tend to report 5 main aspects of and/or reasons for participating; Commitment and skill (high levels of preparation and practice) Defining the boundaries (high risk, limited outcome possibilities) On risk (labeling them as risk or thrill seekers is “missing the point”) Feelings of accomplishment and personal insight (“empowering and making life easier to deal with Extraordinary experiences akin to Maslow’s peak experiences (“altered perceptions of time and space, floating and flying, calm and stillness, and self validation experiences” The conclusion is that extreme sports are not about risk taking, according to participants (Brymer, 2009).

Summarised User needs:

• Experiencing raw, awe-inspiring nature
• Proving one's own skills to oneself
• Acquiring mental health benefits
• Being reached by First aid in an easier way
• Less risk of:
  • Altitude/Atmospheric pressure
  • Temperature
  • Hypoxia/Hypercapnnia
  • Exercise-induced Asthma/Broncial Hyperresponsiveness
  • Dyspnoea
  • Haemoptysis
  • Pulmonary oedema
  • Hyponatremia
  • Injuries and Fractrures

References Brocherie, F., Girard, O., & Millet, G. P. (2015). Emerging environmental and weather challenges in outdoor sports. Climate, 3(3), 492-521.

Brymer, E. (2009). The extreme sports experience: a research report. IFPRA world, 6-7.

Brymer, E., Downey, G., & Gray, T. (2009). Extreme sports as a precursor to environmental sustainability. Journal of Sport & Tourism, 14(2-3), 193-204.

Carlsen, K. H. (2012). Sports in extreme conditions: the impact of exercise in cold temperatures on asthma and bronchial hyper-responsiveness in athletes. Br J Sports Med, 46(11), 796-799.

Ma, J. L. G., & Dutch, M. J. (2013). Extreme sports: Extreme physiology. Exercise‐induced pulmonary oedema. Emergency Medicine Australasia, 25(4), 368-371.

Malashenkova, M. (2016, October). Extreme sports in Extreme conditions. Paper presented at ITP Sport, Exercise & Health Research Symposium, Institute of Sport & Adventure (ISA), Otago Polytechnic (OP).

Melin, B., & Savourey, G. (2001). Sports and extreme conditions. Cardiovascular incidence in long term exertion and extreme temperatures (heat, cold). La Revue du praticien, 51(12 Suppl), S28-30.

Young, C. C. (2002). Extreme sports: injuries and medical coverage. Current sports medicine reports, 1(5), 306-311.

Sensors, Invasive

Calibration of Minimally Invasive Continuous Glucose Monitoring Sensors: State-of-The-Art and Current Perspectives

350 million people around the world have diabetes. This chronic disorder requires continuous monitoring. Traditionally, this was done by taking a finger prick everytime. Currently, many patients still use this method.

In the recent years, researchers have developed a continuous glucose monitor (CGM), which is able to continuously measure the glucose level in the blood. Also this method is invasive, but does not require the user to give themselves a shot everytime it is needed. The current CGM products need to be replaced after several days, but are able to give the information at any time. This device can be placed in the arm or in the abdomen. It is not bulky and clothes can easily hide it. The CGM measures a current signal generated by the glucose-oxidase reaction, transmitting information on glucose concentration in the interstitial fluid (Acciaroli, Vettoretti, Facchinetti, and Sparacino, 2018). The SotA CGM sensor has some room for improvement in accuracy and reliability. This is due to the fact that the signal only indirectly reflect the glucose concentration. The signal is derived from the glucose oxidase electrochemical reaction.

The SotA CGM have no “smart” aspect. However, attempts have been made by Lee et al, who wanted to personalise the data by capturing the essential cyclic nature by exploiting e.g. data from prior weeks so the calibration time would decrease.

Wearable and Implantable Sensors: The Patient’s Perspective

A study has been done on a target group above 18 years or older regarding their perspective on wearable and implantable sensors. When participants (turned out to be mainly British) were asked if they suffered from any medical condition, the majority mentioned some type of arthritis (52%). The second most common answer given was hypertension (12%), followed by asthma (11%) and diabetes (10%) (Bergmann, Chandaria, McGregor, 2012). Of all responders, 27% had prior knowledge of wearable sensors. However, only 5% have ever experienced with these devices. These experiences related mainly to heart problems (e.g., pacemaker) and diabetes (e.g., insulin pump). Data showed that the responders would prefer a small, discreet and unobtrusive system with many people referring back to everyday objects. The majority (~85%) preferred the sensors to be non-invasive. However, many of this group (~95%) would wear an invasive device when life saving situations come into play. This topic was repeated in the closed-ended section, without fellow-up items and rephrased as implantable sensor. When the participants were asked where they would like to wear the device 85% answered external, 10.5% said internal and 4.5% left it blank. A median annual spend of £50 was found for the biotechnology that related to their own preference. A total of 62% of the people were willing to wear the device for more than 20 h a day. However, 37% expected it to have a battery life of more than 6 months. The placement of the technology on or in the body is expected to take less than 5 min (59% of the overall number of replies) and 35% of the respondents even think it should be less than 1 min (Bergman et al., 2012).

Wearable Sensors for Remote Health Monitoring

Wearable sensors comprise different types of flexible sensors that can be integrated into textile fiber, clothes, and elastic bands or directly attached to the human body. The sensors are capable of measuring physiological signs such as electrocardiogram (ECG), electromyogram (EMG), heart rate (HR), body temperature, electrodermal activity (EDA), arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2), blood pressure (BP) and respiration rate (RR). In addition, micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) based miniature motion sensors such as accelerometers, gyroscopes, and magnetic field sensors are widely used for measuring activity related signals. Invasive sensors: rectal thermometer; unsuited for continuous monitoring purposes. Axillary (armpit, thus non-invasive) temperature measurement is more convenient compared to the above-mentioned methods, but more lossy and inaccurate (Majumder, Mondal and Deen, 2017).

Measurement and Geometric Modelling of Human Spine Posture for Medical Rehabilitation Purposes Using a Wearable Monitoring System Based on Inertial Sensors.

Inertial sensors have been used to measure spinal motion, making the data intuitive and user-friendly for the clinicians and patients who use the system. The data can be transformed into meaningful parameters such as rotation, flexion-extension and lateral bending. Theobald measured cervical range of motion with inertial sensors. It was proven that they are a viable and objective method for evaluating spine shapes (Voinea, Butnariu and Mogan, 2016).

State-of-the-Art Methods for Skeletal Muscle Glycogen Analysis in Athletes—The Need for Novel Non-Invasive Techniques

Currently, the SotA methods for measuring the muscle glycogen have been mainly invasive by means of needles (Elusive Gold Standard). The latest one has been developed by Bergström and is known to cause as little damage as possible, a high quality in minimal time restraints, can take multiple biopsies from one sample and allows measurement of other outcome variables (e.g. fibre typing, muscle damage, respiration, enzyme activity, etc). There have been no non-invasive techniques, except for histochemical measurement and MRS, developed yet for this problem (Greene, Louis, Korostynska and Mason, 2017).

Novel Wireless-Communicating Textiles Made from Multi-Material and Minimally-Invasive Fibers

Current textile used as clothing are able to sense, react and conduct electricity. The next-generation will be able to perform computational operations, thus getting a dynamical role. Active functionalities in a smart textile may include power generation or storage, human interface elements, bio-sensing devices, radio frequency (RF) emission/reception, various assistive technologies such as personal emergency awareness systems and response communication (Stepan, 2014). This article describes the operation of these textiles and the use of antennas (Gorgutsa et al., 2014).

References Acciaroli, G., Vettoretti, M., Facchinetti, A., & Sparacino, G. (2018). Calibration of Minimally Invasive Continuous Glucose Monitoring Sensors: State-of-The-Art and Current Perspectives. Biosensors, 8(1), 24.

Bergmann, J. H., Chandaria, V., & McGregor, A. (2012). Wearable and implantable sensors: the patient’s perspective. Sensors, 12(12), 16695-16709.

Gorgutsa, S., Bélanger-Garnier, V., Ung, B., Viens, J., Gosselin, B., LaRochelle, S., & Messaddeq, Y. (2014). Novel wireless-communicating textiles made from multi-material and minimally-invasive fibers. Sensors, 14(10), 19260-19274.

Greene, J., Louis, J., Korostynska, O., & Mason, A. (2017). State-of-the-Art Methods for Skeletal Muscle Glycogen Analysis in Athletes—The Need for Novel Non-Invasive Techniques. Biosensors, 7(1), 11.

Majumder, S., Mondal, T., & Deen, M. J. (2017). Wearable sensors for remote health monitoring. Sensors, 17(1), 130.

Voinea, G. D., Butnariu, S., & Mogan, G. (2016). Measurement and geometric modelling of human spine posture for medical rehabilitation purposes using a wearable monitoring system based on inertial sensors. Sensors, 17(1), 0003.

Problem Statement

Extreme sporters find themselves in dangerous situations, and are hard to reach when they are in danger. Our combination of a drone and smartwear will monitor their health, warn them in time of potential dangers, and send help when necessary.

Objectives

• Creating smart sportswear with sensors to decide if there are any risks or problems
• The smartwear must be able to at least monitor the vital functions: breathing, circulation, and consciousness.
• The smartwear should be able to send preventive warnings
• The smartwear needs a location tracker (GPS), and have a microphone and speaker to be able to contact medical personnel if necessary. The drone needs a GPS, microphone, speaker, and camera in order to be eyes on site for the medical personnel.