PRE2017 3 Groep11
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Problem statement and objectives
Problem statement
The usage of drones has become popular in various fields of work and also for recreational use. Drones have a promising perspective in a lot of different areas, like delivery and surveillance. For instance, delivery drones are already used by amazon today, but there are still a range of problems with implementing this technology. Multiple privacy and evasiveness concerns rise up with the use of these drones. Logistically speaking, handling drones and its packages in limited air space isn’t done in an efficient way adding cost to delivering. Security risk in hacking drones and drones crashing into objects and people. As well as the technical limitations of the drones itself, like the low battery life and the relatively low maximal weight of the packages. All these problems make using delivery drones less profitable and less desirable for companies and consumers.
Objectives
The group will look into a setup for delivery drones and its infrastructure in an urban area, taking into account all the problems described above. Possibly there are changes needed to the technology of the drone as well, this would be implemented into the setup. The setup will therefore aim to reach the next objectives:
- Shorter delivery times
- Find a way for robots to drop products in a safe but non-invasive way
- When to use what type of drones (drone/car)
- How to increase reliability
- Package handling
- Determine social impact
- Satisfying all the stakeholders
Who are the users
- Delivery services(companies)
- Product sellers(companies)
- Product buyers(consumers/companies)
- Hospitals
- emergency organ transportation
- delivering life saving equipment
- delivering Check up equipment/medication to patients and professionals
What do the users require
- Fast and reliable service
- Low prices
- Privacy of products
- non-invasive service
Approach, milestones and deliverables
Approach
First we will study the literature to figure out to what extent our case is already researched. After that we will attempt to determine the present day problems with the technology. Using the different theories, models and results from the literature study we try to solve all the problems described in the problem statement and deliver an setup for the infrastructure of an urban environment. Possibly tradeoffs have to be made between problems.
Milestones
- Literature study
- Sources read
- Sources summarized
- Conclusions drawn (what are the pro’s and con’s , what will it cost, what should the infrastructure look like, what are the capabilities of different types of robots)
- Establish rules the model should follow
- What should the capabilities of drones/cars be
Deliverables
- Write a report
- User analysis
- Financial evaluation
- Setup containing solution for all the objectives
- Sketches/visual representation for the setup/new drone technology
Who's doing what
All together:
- Write introduction
- Update the wiki(weakly)
Everyone for themselves:
- Search for sources (10-2)
- Summarize sources (19-2)
Sources and summaries
Auto-Selection Of Package Delivery Location Based On Estimated Time Of Delivery
Toksoz, Tuna; Gulkaya, Tutku; and Price, Thomas, "Auto-Selection Of Package Delivery Location Based On Estimated Time Of Delivery", Technical Disclosure Commons, (December 22, 2016) http://www.tdcommons.org/dpubs_series/359
Summary
hier moet dus nog de summary van dit
Parcel delivery in an urban environment using unmanned aerial systems: a vision paper
Anbaroğlu, B., " Parcel delivery in an urban environment using unmanned aerial systems: a vision paper", ISPRS, (November, 2017) https://www.isprs-ann-photogramm-remote-sens-spatial-inf-sci.net/IV-4-W4/73/2017/isprs-annals-IV-4-W4-73-2017.pdf
Summary
The development of UAV’s started in the military. From there on, the technology spread to many other sectors that also benefit from it for performing various tasks. For this article, the use of drones for delivery purposes is considered. For now, the public still has a rather negative image of drones, as most people fear privacy violations. Professional UAV pilots, however, more fear the risk of possible accidents. The use of drones to deliver goods also has a lot of benefits. Firstly, they replace trucks, which saves a lot of space on the road and pollution. Thereby, drone delivery is good for the economy and employment, because of all development and manufacturing needed to make drone delivery systems. In short, it is cheaper, faster, safer and better for the environment. In order to get to a real implementation of drone delivery, there are three important challenges to overcome: public acceptance, regulations and technology. For public acceptance, the biggest challenges are privacy, safety and reliability. Considering regulations, the biggest problems are the tracking of the UAV’s, the identification of non-authorised UAV’s, hacking prevention and routing of the UAV’s, in order to prevent accidents. The technological challenges are mostly related to the battery life, avoiding other things and big buildings blocking GPS signals.
The Sky’s (Not) the Limit - Influence of Expertise and Privacy Disposition on the Use of Multicopters
Lidynia, Chantal; Philipsen, Ralf; Ziefle, Martina, " The Sky’s (Not) the Limit - Influence of Expertise and Privacy Disposition on the Use of Multicopters ", Springer, (June 21, 2017) https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-60384-1_26
Summary
The development of UAV’s started in the military. From there on, the technology spread to many other sectors that also benefit from it for performing various tasks. For this article, the attitude of certain groups of people towards drones is considered. In general, the attitude towards drones is rather positive. There are some concerns, however. The general public is mostly concerned about privacy, whereas professional drone pilots are mostly concerned about possible accidents. It is also mentioned that ‘privacy’ is a rather vague, ill-defined, thing, that also changes as a result of new technologies and other developments. Looking at the current legal situation, it becomes clear that none of the current legal restrictions for private drone usage is perceived as overly restrictive. Some general concerns towards drones(apart from the ones already mentioned) are the ue of drones as a weapon, misuse by criminals and spying. One last thing that is discussed by the article is the fact that people only really agree by drones flying over their houses is in case of rescue operations. For some other things, such as drone delivery, people only slightly approve this.
Post-Production Analysis Approach for drone delivery fleet
Asma, Troudi; Addouche, Sid-Ali; Dellagiy, Sofiene; El Mhamedi, Abderrahman; "Post-Production Analysis Approach for drone delivery fleet", IEEE Explore digital library, (December 01, 2017) http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8120986/
Summary
Nowadays, a lot of companies are investing in drone delivery services, such as DHL with PaketKopter, Amazon with Amazon PrimeAir , Google with Project Wing and recently GeoPoste with Geodrone. In order to get drone delivery working good, there needs to be a very good management and Logistics Support in order to be reliable, cheap and fast enough. The subject of this article is the Logistics Support part of this. Logistics support should consists of two parts according to this article:
- Prerequisite SL recommended by the manufacturer through an operating manual. (This is not enough, so this paper proposes the following:)
- Post-Production logistics support system which depends on the exploitation requirements
The article also states that ‘’the identification of the fleet status, the health status or also maintenance facilities, helps to support the system during the exploitation phase’’. Also, maintenance is important in order to get an as high as possible availability. Logistics Support Analysis is used to increase efficiency of maintenance and reduces the cost of providing support by preplanning all aspects of Logistics Support. In this analysis, the article also suggests a new part, in order to also be able to take future changes into account (For example, when a drone fleet is equipped with a new battery, there will be a lot of implications for the entire infrastructure). This new part is called an Activity Analysis. In this Activity Analysis, all implications of a possible future change are evaluated and prepared for. Lastly, a model is made to optimize the total travelling distance of the UAV’s.
A multi-objective green UAV routing problem
Coelho, Bruno N.; Coelho, Vitor N.; Coelho, Igor M.; Ochi, Luiz S. ; Haghnazar K., Roozbeh; Zuidema, Demetrius;. Lima, Milton S.F; da Costa, Adilson R., "A multi-objective green UAV routing problem", Elsevier, (December, 2017) https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305054817301028?via%3Dihub
Summary
The development of UAV’s started in the military. From there on, the technology spread to many other sectors that also benefit from it for performing various tasks. Nowadays, the biggest problems for the development of delivery drones are the very strict rules for drones (no flying in urban environments, drone must stay in sight of pilot, etc.) and the limited battery life of a drone. This paper considers a Green UAV Routing Problem (GUAVRP), which minimizes seven objective functions: total traveled distance; UAV’s maximum speed; number of used vehicles; makespans of the last collected and delivered package; average time spent with each package; and maximize batteries load at the end of the schedule. For the model, it is assumed that there are two flight levels: one low level for smaller drones and a higher level for bigger ones. In the map, there are also several refueling stations. According to the article ‘’The main contributions of this current work are:
- Develop a mathematical programming model for a time- dependent UAV heterogeneous fleet routing problem, in particular:
- respecting UAVs operational requirements;
- tackling the micro-airspace considering a multi-layer scenario with package exchanging points;
- integrating UAVs into the new concepts of mini/microgrid systems, in which vehicles can be charged at different points of the future smart cities.
- Consider a multi-objective optimization framework in order to provide alternative solutions with different possible routes and schedules.’’
There are no real conclusions in this paper, it is mostly about making the model itself.
The Vehicle Routing Problem with Drones: Extended Models and Connections
Poikonen, Stefan; Wang, Xingyin; Golden, Bruce, “The Vehicle Routing Problem with Drones: Extended Models and Connections”, Wiley online library, (June 7, 2017) http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/net.21746/full
summary
This article considers a truck that is carrying drones, so it is a combination of both drone and truck delivery. In short, they looked at the difference between a lot of slow drones and some fast drones. They found that if there are times when not all drones are in service (service not fully parallelized), greater drone speed dominates and if drone range or capacity is severely limited, a larger number of drones may dominate. Also, they stated that a drone will, for any destination, always travel a shorter (or just as long) path than a truck, because a drone isn’t bound to roads. Then, they also considered some routing problems, namely Close-enough-vehicle-routing-problem(CEVRP), vehicle-routing-problem-with-drones(VRPD) and vehicle-routing-problem(VRP) (CEVRP and VRP being known problems, and VRPD being the problem of this article). They found that CEVRP gives the optimal solutions of VRPD when the velocity of the drones is infinite and that VRP gives the optimal solution of the VRPD when the velocity of the drones is 0.