PRE2018 4 Group7

---

Group members:

Name	Student ID	Email	Study
Emiliyan Greshkov	1281666	e.greshkov@student.tue.nl	Insert
Thomas Janss	1006697	t.f.w.janss@student.tue.nl	Mechanical Engineering
Perry Kloet	1236356	p.a.j.kloet@student.tue.nl	Computer Science
Bram Schut	1019001	b.b.j.schut@student.tue.nl	Insert
Sem de Werdt	1017882	s.j.a.d.werdt@student.tue.nl	Automotive Technology

General information:

Problem statement and objectives

Trains are getting more cramped and more overcrowded. This makes it increasingly more important to use the space and seating available effectively. That is why it is important to use the available space and seating optimally to maximize the amount of people in the train and the comfort in which those people can travel. The objectives of the project are twofold. One part of the problem is detecting the amount of people in the train and the amount of seats available within each part of the train. The other part of the problem is clearly passing that information on to the passengers. The information about the amount of passengers in the train has to be collected reliably to pass that information onwards to the travellers.

Users

The users that would benefit from solving the problem mentioned above are the people that travel by train. They will benefit from the more effective use of available space because it will allow them to travel in more comfort and find a available space more easily. The enterprise that would benefit is the train operator. The more effective use of space would allow them to have more passengers in the train which would allow them to make more money with the same amount of available space because of the more effective use.

User requirements
The passengers and train operators both have several requirements. The passengers and train operators both need a reliable system to count the amount of passengers in the train and the position of those passengers within the train. This is important for the passengers because they need accurate information to have the best chance of finding a seat or finding a place to stand. The information about the available space also has to be passed on to the passengers in a user friendly and clear way. The user interface has to give the passengers the information in a clear and understandable way so that they can make optimal use of it. The train operators mainly need a cost-effective system that is reliable, ohterwise there is no incentive for the train operator to deploy the system in the trains.

Approach, milestones and deliverables

Approach
The problem will be devided into two problems. A counting system and a user interface. The counting system has to accurately count to amount of people in each compartment and compare it with the available space to get the information about the available space. The user interface has to pass the information onwards to the passengers in a clear and understandable way. Combining both should provide the best possible solution for the problem of overcrowded trains and ineffective use of space.
Milestones

Deliverables
The deliverables at the end of the project will be a system that accurately counts the amount of people in each compartment, and a user interface that passed that information onwards to the passengers as effectively as possible. Both parts will be combined to make a total system that gets accurate information about the occupation of each compartment and passes it onwards to the passengers through a straightforward user interface

Who's doing what?

Relevant scientific papers:

Research

1) https://www.alstom.com/our-solutions/digital-mobility/optimet-real-time-train-occupancy-smoother-passenger-flow-platforms
2) https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280735165_A_robust_system_for_counting_people_using_an_infrared_sensor_and_a_camera (currently doing (Thomas))
3) https://www.dilax.com/en/public-mobility/portfolio/seat-management/
4) https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323027620_Smart_Bus_An_Automated_Passenger_Counting_System
5) https://www.google.nl/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=21&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwiCudCpgPbhAhUJr6QKHRJQBlM4ChAWMAp6BAgIEAI&url=https%3A%2F%2Fpdfs.semanticscholar.org%2F55a0%2F9a9adb1e7905f99607846f7a286e3f39bf17.pdf&usg=AOvVaw0ZK1-RYUZ15nYZshrA0cHs
6) https://www.usenix.org/legacy/events/hotos03/tech/full_papers/gruteser/gruteser_html/
7) https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267387412_APPROPRIATE_TECHNOLOGY_FOR_AUTOMATIC_PASSENGER_COUNTING_ON_PUBLIC_TRANSPORT_VEHICLES_IN_SOUTH_AFRICA <br\> 8) https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=9&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwiR9p2Uw4HiAhWNZ1AKHUeuBI4QFjAIegQIAhAC&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.movetec.fi%2Fimages%2Fpdf%2FTapeswitch-tuntoreunat.pdf&usg=AOvVaw0I2j-QILXPBH48Jq9N8T_d <br\> 9) http://www.instantcounting.com/technology.html
10) https://reader.elsevier.com/reader/sd/pii/S2352146517307159?token=960AEE718A60D47CF7E7F08701AD27EDC69A9913B5CBAA27DE0D3C81DA363B16C3FF122C62F1C5A3EB601DE44AE97706
11) https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/23249935.2013.795199?casa_token=U8PLb3o3OP8AAAAA:0a6jqeVO-6AR9W3YHihtHAag3XO5rRUyfBMkblxZQqgccoFb-AFONkHsasHFF4kCI8CDsYv7PV1B
12) https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/5715528
13) https://www.ns.nl/reisinformatie/service-verbeteren/zitplaatszoeker.html
14) https://www-sciencedirect-com.dianus.libr.tue.nl/science/article/pii/0262885694900531

16) https://patents.google.com/patent/US7788063B2/en
17) https://trid.trb.org/view/481481

Categorize:
Counting people:
2,4,5,7
Application itself:
4

1:
Alstom is a company that provided sensors tecnology (passive IR) to count people boarding and deboarding. At the platform, LED's show which compartments are full and which are not. With colors they influence people where they board. THe system is modular and can therefore be placed at any station of any length.
2:
pyro-electric infrared (PIR) sensor and a camera (2). Two possible ways: detection-based and map-based methods. Latter option more precise in counting (10,11). Differential PIR sensors used, since this is only possibility for differentiate between entry and exit of an environment and ordinary activities in that area by analyzing body movement. A couple of modules are used that consist of multiple PIR sensors. This data is collected and are input for a list of classifiers. Wavelet transform is used to create output signal. Using only camera yields ~ 80% efficiency, while integrating PIR has ~ 100% efficiency (Tutorial: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6Fdrr_1guok )<br\> 3:<br\> DILAX' active infrared sensors are capable of detecting people entering a door. The system is only active while doors are open. Each DILAX LAN can operate 382 sensors. The system is capable of counting in dense popluated areas with a high accuracy.
4:
Also, a pressure sensor could be used. Pressure sensors behaves like a open-closed circuit which delivers voltage while closed that can be placed underneath the padding of the seat. The Voltage is converted from a real output to a binary output which is created by Arduino. The application can read the amount of 0's and 1's and can convert that into images. The used pressure pad detects weight from 20 kg and higher.<br\> 7: <br\> Next to PIR, infrared beams could be used that detect when interrupted. Can be either active or passive: Passive sensors sense IRradiation and with that can find moveing direction, active sensors actually can locate the person. Ultrasonic sensor works approxiametly the same way. Test in South Africa: 28000 Rand (1866 euros) per bus with 1 sensor per door. This gives an accuracy level of 95%, while 3 sensors per door give 99%. Other methods are also given in this article, giving treadle mats, IR again, load cell and normal camera.<br\> 8: <br\> Tapeswitch is a company that produces copyright public transport equipment. Among those also belongs the treadle mat which already are in use at Amtrak trains, Copenhagen and melbourne. These mats commenly are produced with multiple zones that have different functionalities: Opening and closing a door or actions such as counting passengers. <br\> 9: <br\> Instant counting is a company that provided treadle mats with the provided software. This software is capable of detecting the movement of a person when boarding/deboarding. It is possible to link 90 of these mats to eachother in one system. An interface shows the amount of people entering and the amount of people exiting. The system can detect direction of walking and can track different people simmultaniously.
10:
Maybe not directly relevant, but we could take into account how people walk accros the station to the destinated train to improve user experience (USE-aspects)
11:
A system that estimated the number of passengers using the weight of the train. This has the huge advantage that errors in measurement do not propagate (ex: if you use an infraredsensor and you miss one passenger leaving, the system will always keep counting one too many. Weightsensors don't have this issue)
See 13 (<- not an article), appearantly, the ns is already doing this, so we need to expand on this idea.
Appearantly, this idea has been pattented (see 16)
12:
Using face recognition. Might be a bit overkill to install an entire camera for this one purpose, and might give some privacy issues, but seems straigforward
14:<br\> Counting with IR can sometimes give difficulties in dense areas. Image sequence processing does not. Divided into two parts: Target detection and target validation and direction-estimation. This way, the algorithm is rather fast. The system is more accurate and still fast in dense areas.
17:
A study on how to interpret data from multiple pressure sensors (a "pressure mat")