PRE2018 3 Group3

Figure 1: Causes for train delay in the Netherlands

The Dutch railway network is one of the most crowded railway networks on the planet . An intercity leaves the station every 10 minutes. The Dutch trains are also very punctual; 90% of the trains are on time with a 5 minute tolerance. This is a rare accomplishment among railway companies. However, there is a downside to all of this; when something does go wrong, it goes wrong big time. Because the railway network is so crowded, one delay can create a congestion and this can cause huge delays.

From the graph in figure 1 it can be seen that external influences (indicated by orange), railway cleaning activities (indicated by purple) and the weather (indicated by yellow) are causes for train delays in the Netherlands . As a result it can be concluded that a big cause for delay are leaves or snow on the train tracks. Trains crush the leaves beneath them, which makes the track slippery. Snow has the same effect and this is bad, because the braking distance increases tremendously. This can lead to dangerous situations. Railway companies (like the NS) try to avoid these risks by canceling their trains. However, this leads to some confusion and frustration of the travelers, since a delay caused by a couple of leaves on the tracks does not sound very dangerous.

We as a group think we can improve this sticky situation by introducing a robot to the Dutch railway network that is able to clean the tracks from obstacles like leaves and snow. This wiki describes the whole process of this project.

Group Members

Name	Study	ID Number
Max Hanssen	Industrial Design	1257269
Jorick van Hekke	Electrical Engineering	1225185
Suryanto Horlez	Computer Science	1286714
Joeri Schults	Mechanical Engineering	1266330
Jules Vaes	Mechanical Engineering	1263196

Project information

The information about this project can be found by following this link: Project information

Concept

Our goal is to design a robot which is able to autonomously clean the railway tracks from different kinds of obstacles.

The robot should be able to clean the tracks autonomously, but it should have a camera installed so that an operator can inspect it from time to time (‘man-on-the-loop’). This is also important for exceptional cases in which the robot does not know what to do.

Initially, we did not know what the major problems on the train tracks were, so we decided to contact ProRail (the company in charge of the Dutch railway network). They told us that the main obstacles on the Dutch tracks are leaves and snow, so our robot should focus on addressing these issues.

The idea is to use sweepers to collect leaves and snow. The snow can be melted which makes it harmless for the tracks, while the leaves can be compressed and used as compost. At first we wanted the robot to combat rust as well, but ProRail said the following: “It is the case that the track is ridden every day so rust formation is actually not possible. In areas where fewer trains ride, empty trains are often used at night to prepare the track so that the formation of rust cannot actually occur or is prevented as much as possible.” Based on this statement, we decided that it was not worth focussing on.

Objectives

The objectives when designing a kind of cleaning device for the Dutch railway tracks are of great importance. It is for NS and ProRail's best interest that these objectives, which we will call RPC's, ensure a product that is actually helpful. The so called RPC's - Requirements, Preferences and Constraints - are set up to determine what is important and function as guidelines for the robot's design. Using these guidelines will make sure essential matters to NS and ProRail are really thought through, so the robot functions as desired. The RPC's are stated below:

Requirements

• The robot is able to clean the tracks autonomously
• The robot is operational at any time
• The robot is able to collect the waste (mainly leaves and snow) it removes
• The robot is able to differentiate different types of waste and sort them accordingly
• The robot is able to drive up to 160 km/h
• The rotational speed of the robot's broom is at least 1160 RPM
• The robot will immediately inform authorities when an animal or person jumps on the tracks

Preferences

• The robot should be easy to maintain
• The robot's parts should be interchangeable
• The robot should be lightweight
• The robot should be compact
• The robot should be cleaning as fast and efficient as possible

Constraints

• The robot, when attached to a train, can only move in the direction the train is going
• The robot can only autonomously drive on the railway tracks at night
• The robot cannot clean solely by itself at day
• The robot cannot remove large objects like trees, debris or dead animals
• The robot cannot be wider than 3.4 meters
• The robot cannot be taller than 2 meters

Robot functions

The Dutch train tracks are very crowded in the daytime [Source]. It would be very difficult to add a slow cleaning robot to the schedule. That is why we have decided to attach the robot to the front of a train during the day. This enables us to clean the tracks, while avoiding scheduling difficulties. However, at night we want our robot to operate autonomously. At night there is a lot less train traffic, which makes it easier to add an autonomous robot to the equation. This robot should move independently along the tracks. This includes accelerating whenever possible and decelerating (for stations, obstacles, other traffic or more thorough cleaning). The robot cannot alter the track changes by itself, since this is operated by ProRail [Source]. It can ask however to change tracks.

The emphasis of this robot is on cleaning, so it is important that the robot is able to decide when it is necessary to clean (for both day and night situations). An already cleaned track does not need to be cleaned again (in most circumstances). This would be a waste of energy and that is in opposition to our preferences (see RPC’s).

We also want our robot to collect its garbage (leaves), so that it can be used as compost. When the robot has collected enough garbage, it should move to the nearest dump. This should all be done autonomously.

Daytime and Nighttime

On average there are 4500 trains riding per day to transport around 1,1 million passengers . Although a small percentage of these trains are riding through the night, most of these 4500 trains are driving during the day, as the night trains only drive once per hour between 1:00 and 5:00 in the Randstad of the Netherlands . Due to these busy train schedules during the day, it is not possible to let the cleaning robot drive autonomously on the railroads during daytime. This would only cause more delay for the NS. However, it is still extremely essential to let the machine clean the railroads during the day, because otherwise the design will not have any big positive impact on the delay problems. Hence, the only way for the cleaning machine to clean the railroads during daytime is to attach the machine onto the front of the NS passenger trains. Next to cleaning the railroads during the day, the robot can also clean during the nighttime. Because it is less crowded on the railway during the night, the robot will be able to thoroughly clean the railroads without slowing down any other trains. To improve the cleaning during nighttime, the robot will pick up and store the obstacles that block the track by following the railroad autonomously. To make the machine work during daytime and nighttime in this way, there are a few requirements which need to be met:

Figure 2: Total amount of freight trains in the year 2017

• It needs to be attachable to the front of the NS trains during daytime.
• The sight of the machinist cannot be blocked by the machine during daytime.
• It cannot slow down the speed of the train during daytime.
• It needs to be suitable and appropriate to pass by the platforms of the stations during daytime.
• It needs to be detachable from the front of the NS trains during nighttime.
• It needs to be able to move forward on the railroads by itself during nighttime.
• It needs to have a storage place to store all the obstacles found during nighttime.
• It needs to fit in the night train schedule of NS.

To meet the requirements of being able to both attach and detach from the NS trains, it needs to adapt to the front coupler of all the different NS train models. Luckily at the moment all the different Intercity and Sprinter model trains of the NS use the same type of Scharfeneberg coupler . This Scharfenberg coupler is an automatic coupler which can be activated or deactivated from the machinist cabin . The design of the cleaning machine also needs to fit with the requirements of not blocking the sight of the machinist and being suitable for platforms. This will be elaborated when developing the final design for the machine. However, from these two requirements it can already be made clear that the machine itself should not be higher than around 1.5 meter for the machinist’s sight, and not be wider than around 3 meter to fit in between platforms at stations . Furthermore, the robot will also need it’s own wheels, as it will drive autonomously during the night. Thus, these wheels need to be set suitable for the rails which have a gauge of 1435 mm . Next to the design of the machine itself, there also needs to be a design for a storage system for storing the obstacles during the night. The storage place for these obstacles needs to be big enough to fit in all the obstacles, but small enough to be able to ride the railroads. Hence, the maximum height and width of the storage place is around 4.5 meters high and 3 meters wide . The maximal length and weight of the storage place is depended on the motor within the machine. Furthermore, the adaptation to the passenger night trains that drive through the Randstad is possible. However, next to these passenger trains, there are also many freight trains that ride on the tracks daily. According to a report of Prorail, in 2017 there have been riding more than 20.000 freight trains over the same railroads in that year, see figure 1 . Moreover, it can be seen that the rail tracks with the most delays are in the Randstad area in between Amsterdam, Rotterdam, Den Haag en Utrecht . This is the same area as where the most night trains are riding. Therefore, the robot needs to clean this area extra thoroughly. Hence, it will be more effective to attach the cleaning machine onto the night trains which are traveling in the Randstad. This will prevent extra delays, as the cleaning machine will not drive autonomously within this busy train schedules in the night of the Randstad. However, outside of the Randstad the cleaning machine will still have the possibility to drive autonomously to clean the railways, as there are no passenger trains active in the night. Although it is still possible to let the robot drive autonomously outside of the Randstad during the night, it was decided to not do this. After considering the requirements and needs of the users, it was concluded that making the robot drive autonomously, on top of attaching it to passenger trains, will be unnecessary and difficult on a daily basis.

Why a robot?

This robot focuses solely on cleaning tracks for snow and leaves by using brushes. This is a relatively easy task for a robot, since the environment (train tracks) is structured. It is thus not very hard to program a robot to perform this task. All in all a robot is cheaper than a human employee, since they require wages, while a robot can do the same boring work every day [Source + calculations].

The Dutch train tracks are very crowded in the daytime . It would be very difficult to add a slow cleaning robot to the schedule. That is why we have decided to attach the robot to the front of a train during the day. This enables us to clean the tracks, while avoiding scheduling difficulties. However, at night we want our robot to operate autonomously. At night there is a lot less train traffic, which makes it easier to add an autonomous robot to the equation. This robot should move independently along the tracks. This includes accelerating whenever possible and decelerating (for stations, obstacles, other traffic or more thorough cleaning). The robot cannot alter the track changes by itself, since this is operated by ProRail [Source]. It can ask however to change tracks. The emphasis of this robot is on cleaning, so it is important that the robot is able to decide when it is necessary to clean (for both day and night situations). An already cleaned track does not need to be cleaned again (in most circumstances). This would be a waste of energy and that is in opposition to our preferences (see RPC’s). We also want our robot to collect its garbage (leaves), so that it can be used as compost. When the robot has collected enough garbage, it should move to the nearest dump. This should all be done autonomously.

Reasons why a robot is better than a human:

This robot focuses solely on cleaning tracks by using brushes. This is a relatively easy task for a robot, since the environment (train tracks) is structured. It is thus not very hard to program a robot to perform this task. All in all a robot is cheaper than a human employee, since they require wages, while a robot can do the same repetitive work every day [Source + calculations]. A robot is also able to operate 24/7 while a human would get tired. As robots do not get tired, there will not be absenteeism. A robot also does not shake like a human would while preforming a task like they would when it's cold therefore the robot will do the task more precisely then a human. Moreover, a robot can see better at night, which allows them to clean the tracks better.

Furthermore, robots can make faster decisions than humans. This enables them to make better decisions on when it is important to clean and thus saving energy [Source].

USE aspects

Users

For this project the focus has been put on the railroads in the Netherlands. This decision was made, because it is only possible to design the product for one certain type of railroad system. At this stage designing a product which can be used globally by adapting to different types of railway systems is too advanced. Furthermore, the project would have too many potential users to focus on, as they will differ per country. Therefore, it was decided to stick to the Netherlands, as this is the country which we had the most experience with. Although it was decided to keep the focus in this specific area, there is still a wide variety of users. For this design there are people who can use and influence the design directly, as well as people who get influenced indirectly by the design. Hence, a distinction can be made between primary and secondary users. The term primary users will be used to refer to the group of users who are directly interacting with the design. The term secondary users will be used to refer to the group of users who are not directly in contact with the design but still affected by it. The distinction between these two different users will be made more clear by defining both groups.

Primary users

For this design, the group who buys, uses and introduces the design into its target scenario are considered as the primary users. Hence, the organisations who are responsible for the railway system in the Netherlands belong to this groups. Thus, only Prorail is the primary user, as they are the ones responsible and can make direct changes to the railway system. The NS can not be fully considered as a primary user, as they only make use of the railway system, but are not responsible for the railroad itself. Prorail are the ones responsible for the construction, maintenance, management and security of the railway system in the Netherlands. When a product with the aim to clean the railroads is used, Prorail is the main company to introduce, use, and interact with the product.

Secondary users

For this design, the people who get influenced positively or negatively by this design in an indirect way are considered as the secondary users. As mentioned above the NS is not considered as primary user, instead NS can be considered as a secondary user. They make use of the railway system in the Netherlands by transporting people from location to location with trains that drive on the railroads. Therefore, they will not be in direct contact with this design, as they will only get positively influenced but cannot influence the design itself directly. The use of the design on the railroads will be a great advantage to the NS, as it will make the railroads free and safe which reduces the delay for trains of NS.

In addition to NS, this reduction in delay also has a positive effect on the users of NS. These users are people who make use of the trains of NS as transportation to get to their destination as fast as possible. Although NS and Prorail are in charge of the trains and railways in the Netherlands, this group of travelers is important and can also be considered as secondary users.

Occasionally, trains of foreign companies such as Thalys or NMBS also make use of the railway system in the Netherlands. As a result, these foreign train companies can also be considered as secondary users. However, this group of users will not be further addressed, as the main focus is put on the companies NS and Prorail.

Society

Obstacles on the railroads, which cause a delay for many travelers, can be considered as a problem to society. In some occasions the delay can come up to major amounts of time or even cancellations of trains, which leads to missing important meetings or appointments. Moreover, this can form a challenge to the government, as the NS is a Dutch state-owned company. This means that the government has significant control over the NS through majority ownership. For this reason, one of the main aims of the government is to make transportation more accessible to its users. To be able to make transportation on railway more accessible, the delays of trains need to be taken care of. This design can help with solving this challenge to society. The design of this project can not fully solve the challenge of it, as there are many factors which have an influence on causing delays in transportation. However, this design will still have a positive impact on this relevant problem. It has the potential to play a big role in the future of railroad maintenance which is beneficial to society.

Enterprise

In the USE aspects, enterprise is considered to be the relevant companies that are connected to the project. The main aim for these enterprises is to make as much profit as possible. The previously discussed primary user Prorail can be seen as a relevant enterprise to this design. Although currently Prorail is still a government task organisation company that is part of NS, the Ministry of Infrastructure and Water is planning to make Prorail a public law independent administrative in 2021 . As a result Prorail will become an organisation which conducts governmental tasks, while they are not under authority of the Dutch government. Hence, in the future Prorail will look at this design from a business perspective. They will only decide to make use of this design if it is profitable for the company. Unless they are forced by the government as they will be an independent administrative. Therefore, the design is required to be efficient in general, as well as cost-efficient so that Prorail will have good consequences from using the product.

Design

Prototype

Figure 3: First idea for the prototype

The first idea for a prototype was made with SketchUp, as can be seen in Figure 3. The model uses a standard NS Intercity (Bombardier TRAXX) locomotive for scale and context. Since the robot will block the locomotive's headlights, it is provided by a pair. It also contains rear lights of course, since it will be able to drive on its own on the tracks. The robot is equipped with dual opposite-rotating brooms which are placed up front. The robot will also be equipped with sensors (cameras) on the front, on the sides and on the back to maximize visibility. Notice the robot is much smaller in height than the locomotive, this is make sure the tracks are still visible for the engineer. The prototype can be as wide, if not wider than the locomotive itself, if it only stays within a 3.4 meter margin as mentioned in the RPC's. This margin is there to make sure vehicles on railway tracks can safely go through tunnels for instance without any hindrance.

Coupling system

Figure 4: Coupler system of the NS Scharfenebrg coupler

As discussed in the previous daytime nighttime section, the robot needs to adapt to the front coupler of all the different NS train models to both attach and detach from them. At the moment NS trains use a Scharfenberg coupler which is an automatic coupler that can be activated or deactivated from the machinist cabin. After getting in contact with the NS through customer service online, it was confirmed that the Scharfenberg coupler are mostly used. Additionally, the NS online customer service gave us the information that another type of coupler called BSI is also used for DDZ and DD-AR train models. Next to this BSI coupler, the NS also use the screw coupling for some trains. Although they use multiple types of couplers, it is the most efficient if the cleaning machine is adapted to one type of coupler. Hence it was decided to use the Scharfenberg coupler, as this is the most used coupler by the NS. Furthermore, the NS have given us a product sketch of the Scharfenberg coupler which they use, which can be seen in figure 3.

At the moment there are 6 types of main Scharfenberg couplers on the market: the type 10, type 35, type 330, type 430, type 55 and the type 140 . The cleaning machine does not necessarily have to have the same type of Scharfenberg couplers as the train to which it needs to connect. There are transitional couplers, such as the modular transitional coupler, that can connect two different type of Scharfenberg couplers . This modular transitional coupler separates the two couplers into two separate head and an adapter that forms the step. The two heads can be connected to each other directly, which makes it possible to connect coupler heads of any kind and at different heights into the transitional coupler. As a result, a suitable type of Scharfenberg coupler can be chosen for the design of the robot.

• The type 10 Scharfenberg coupler is often used by railway companies, and is reliable due to its high strength and large gathering range laterally and vertically.
• The type 35 is suited for vehicles without a compressed-air system, so for fully electrified vehicles.
• The type 330 is often used in light rail applications due to its small size. However, it is still a strong and reliable coupler.
• The type 430 is ideal for low floor trams and monorails, because of its compact and lightweight construction. Furthermore, it can fit behind the front covers.
• The type 55 and type 140 are specifically made for high loads in rough environments.

For the robot, the best option will be the type 330 or the type 430, as these two types are ideal for lighter sized vehicles and can still deliver a strong support. Furthermore, these types are not as big as the other types and can fit behind the front covers. However, the type 330 can transmit a buff load of 800 kN and a draft load of up to 600 kN, and the the 430 can transmit compressive and tensile forces of up to 300 kN. Further calculations need to be done with these statistics, after the full design and weight load of the robot have been predicted, to see whether these couplers can hold up to the forces caused by the robot.

Usability

How many robots needed?

Figure 5: Map of the Dutch railway network

To keep the railway clean throughout the day, the users will need to implement and use a minimum amount of these cleaning machine. The amount of cleaning robots that is needed per day is dependent on the weather situation. During the summer season the expected maintenance problems with leafs are lower than during the Autumn season. Therefore, to estimate the amount of robots that the users will need, the situation with the most extreme weather conditions will be considered. In these conditions the estimation was made that it would be optimal to let one robot attach to a train for each different train path. This choice was made, as it will cover the whole Dutch railway network, as can be seen in figure 5. It was found that there are 127 different train lines in the Netherlands . From these 127 different train lines, 2 are Thalys high speed trains which travel to France, 2 are ICE high speed trains which travel to Germany, and 9 stop trains are all the way connected to Germany or France. Hence, 114 trains are traveling only on the Dutch railway network. As a result, at least 114 cleaning machines need to be implemented, but there need to be extra reserve robots in case of emergency. Hence, one extra robot will be distributed to the five biggest train station in the Netherlands. These include the station in Amsterdam, Utrecht, Rotterdam, Den Haag, and Eindhoven . As a result at least 119 robots will be needed for the users.

How much time does it take?

Currently the coupling of trains takes approximately 2 minutes. However, if a coupling system with transitional coupler will be used, this will take slightly longer, but it will not interfere or delay the usual traveling times (more sources). For an optimal cleaning of the railways in the Netherlands, the robot will be attached every 6 hours on a train on each different train line. Attaching it to every driving train cannot be possible due to the costs.

How will they use it?

The users can use the robot by attaching it to the passenger trains before the passenger train starts riding at the first station. Afterwards the robot will be detached when the cleaning is done at the the end station. The robots can be stored efficiently due to the relatively small sizes compared to passenger trains.

Obstacles

Track maintenance

For small-scale track maintenance, ProRail hires approved rail contractors who can maintain the track for them . To be recognized by ProRail, parties must have specific technical, professional and organizational skills and requirements. These can be found on the ProRail site. A list of approved entrepreneurs can also be found on the ProRail site . After the rail contractor has been recognized by ProRail, a public contract is signed in which the required performance is prescribed, not the required effort (as before). The idea behind this is that this should lead to more proactive maintenance and this should lead to an increase in availability and quality of the tracks. These contracts have a duration of 10 years and are called ‘Prestatie Gericht Onderhoud’ contracts (Performance-oriented Maintenance contracts or PGO contracts). Pilots were started in 2014 to work with this new form of contracts. The number of disruptions decreased in the areas of these pilots. ProRail says that in the coming years all maintenance areas will use these PBL contracts. In addition, ProRail has developed a new standard framework that should make it clearer when maintenance is needed and when the track can be used (limitedly) and when not. In addition, it will also become clearer who is responsible and when; ProRail or the contractor. The aforementioned list of accredited entrepreneurs shows that ProRail recognizes 4 companies in the field of track maintenance. These are: Asset Rail, Bam Infra, Strukton Rail and VolkerRail. Contacting these companies has proven very helpful in gaining a better understanding of how the tracks are maintained.

Snow

Problem

In very cold periods like in the winter, snow and ice can build up on the tracks. The ice can block movable parts of the track and coat over the power lines or the third rail, preventing trains from drawing the power they need to run. Also icicles on bridges and tunnels can cause serious damage to passing trains. All these problems can cause the trains to have delays.

When a train has to slow down as it approaches a station or set of points, snow can get compact on the rails and turn into solid ice. This not just clogs the point but also enables them from working and can coat the rails, disconnecting the trains from getting the needed power. Ice sheets are a risk for dislodging and damaging trains, the steel rails can freeze together when it gets to cold what makes the signals stay red preventing the trains to move. When snow drifts are deeper than 30cm , trains can no longer run safely unless they have snow ploughs.

Solution

Bleach,Salt

Using these products we can lower the rate of freezing cause during the freezing and melting process some water molecules freeze while others melt, replacing each other in a state of equilibrium, while when one of these products are added in the mixture it disrupts this equilibrium.

Laser

CO2 Lasers can be used to melt ice and snow with a wavelength of 10.6 μm, which ice strongly absorbs, to drill (via melting) through ice. The resulting drilling speed is measured at several irradiation intensities, ice-snow densities, and beam angles relative to the horizontal axis. The speed increases nearly in proportion to the laser intensity. For the laser to be able to remove the snow, it must be able to handle the maximum snowfall in the last 7 years the maximum snowfall on a day is 8cm on the 14th of January 2013. We first want to know how much snow the laser should be able to melt in a second. We calculate it by looking at the speed of the train which is 160 km/h, or 44.44 m/s. The width of the head of the tracks is 72 mm (HSL, high-speed tracks). Considering a layer of 4 cm of compact snow on the tracks, the train would be going through 25.57 kg of snow per second. The laser needs to be able to melt all this snow in order for the concept to work. The energy required to melt 25.57 kg of snow is 534413 J/s, considering -10 degrees Celcius. To generate this energy, the wavelength of the photons has to be 3.717*10^-31 m, resulting in a frequency of 8.065*10^38 Hz. The wavelength we get are corresponding to the wavelength of Gamma-rays. Lasers having Gamma-rays are at the moment still not developed as it still is a challenge for scientists however in the futur it might be possible according to Cordis .

Snow plough

A snow plough can be used to clear the train rails when there is more than 30cm of snow, we could use this one the robot to make it possible to clear the rails for other trains, at the moment this is already installed on normal trains when the snow is higher than 30cm.

Ice

Problem

In colder periods, rain with a temperature around 0 ℃ can form glaze (ijzel). There is an important distinction between glaze and frost, which forms from water vapor that comes in contact with a solid surface. Frost is usually not a big problem for trains. It may cause some sparks at most, but this is not problematic . Glaze on the other hand is cause for some serious concern, because, in the right conditions, it can form a layer of ice on the catenary. This may prevent the trains from receiving electricity, which makes them useless. Ice can also freeze the switches together, which prevents trains from switching tracks. These effects of ice can be harmful for trains and can cause some serious delays.

Solutions

In theory, ice can thus be harmful for the tracks. However, according to our source at VolkerRail, ice is not a big problem in the Netherlands. Very low temperatures a rare in this country, which means that the layer of ice on the tracks and catenary is thus often very thin. Since the trains on the Dutch railway are rather heavy, ice is crushed or pushed away.

Switch heating

Ice or snow on the switches can still be harmful though. The way ProRail currently tackles this by making use of switch heating. This heating melts the snow and ice and thus making it harmless. There are four different kinds of switch heating, these are explained in the appendix. Currently 6.500 of the in total 8.900 switches are equipped with switch heating . This works rather well, if the snow does not pile up too high, but as mentioned before, this does not occur very often. The heaters are also prone to malfunctions. When this happens, staff is deployed to melt the snow and ice away with gas burners or to blow the snow away with leaf blowers. Our source stressed however that these are emergency measurements and that this should be prevented. The contractors have to make sure that the heaters function correctly during the ‘heating season’ (stookseizoen). This is from the 15th of October until the 15th of April.

‘Ontijzelschakeling’ or de-icing circuit

It is a bit more complicated to combat glace on the catenary. The idea is to cause a controlled short circuit. This leads to a current of 2000 ampere going through the cables, which simultaneously heats them. The ice on the cables then loosens and a train can remove it by riding along the cables.

Laser

We wanted to check whether we could use a laser to melt ice, just like we did for snow. It would be more logical to use a laser to melt ice, since icing is generally more common than snowfall and a layer on the tracks shouldn't be thicker than a millimeter. So considering 1 mm of ice on the HSL tracks, a train would pass 2.93 kg of ice per second. To calculate the energy needed to melt this amount of ice, temperature needs to be estimated so it's assumed to be minus 10 degrees Celcius. The laser would need to output 61764.4 J every second. Using the speed of light and Planck's constant, the corresponding wavelength can be calculated. This wavelength is 3.216*10^-30 m, which is really small. The frequency is then 9.321*10^37 Hz, so only a factor 10 smaller than the frequency required to remove snow. This is therefore not a viable option, since these frequencies for photons are way too high.

Leaves

Problem

In the Autumn trees will drop their leaves which might land on the railway. At first the leaves will not cause any trouble, but during the day they will cause problems. If the leaves which landed on the railhead become moist and heavily compressed by the passing trains, they will result in a low-friction coating. Due to this low-friction coating the railway becomes slippery and the wheels of the train starts to block when it is starting to brake. Due to this blocking one side wheels will experience more wear than the other sides which results in “square-wheels” . These “square-wheels” need to be repaired in workshop which costs time and money. Due to the malfunctioning and repairing of the train wheels less trains will be deployed on trajects which is not preferred by the travellers. Another problem due to the low-friction coating is that it can take up to 800 meters extra to come to a total stop .

Solutions

Leaf blower

A leaf blowers is used to blow loose leaves away from their initial position. This could be useful for the trains because they can blow the leaves away from the railhead. But this is not an option anymore. Due to the high compressing the leafy moist is stuck to the railway, therefore the leaf blower is not able to blow the leafy moist away .

Pressure washer

A pressure washer is used to clean object from a dirty layer which is stuck to the surface. Therefore the pressure washer can be used to remove the compressed layer of leaves from the railway. An example of a product which is already tested is the Nilfisk-ALTO developed by Nilfisk-Advance for the Banedanmark, the railway organization in Denmark. The Nilfisk-ALTO has a 7000 liter water tank and operates at a pressure of 500 bar and sprays 40 L/min. The wagon achieved to clean the railway from the leaves when it runs at an operating speed of 45 km/h . Due to the large amount of water that needs to be stored the pressure washer is not an option for our robot. The robot is attached to the front of a train during the day and therefore a container filled with 7000 liters of water will impedes the view of the machinist.

Traction Gel Applicator

Traction gel applicator (TGA) is a substance which consists out of sand, metal particles and starch . The TGA system consists of a sensor and 50 meters further the cabinet. The cabinet contains the electronics, a pump, a delivery hose, the substance and is solar powered. The sensor, which gets triggered by the wheels of the train, sends a signal to the cabinet that a train is coming. The pump of the cabinet then places some TGA on the railhead via a delivery hose. When the train passes the cabinet the TGA gets stuck on the wheels and this gives the train more traction for a short distance, 60 to 200 meters . Due to this short distance the TGA cabinets are typically placed at the entries and exits of a train station .

Sweeper

Figure 4: The horizontal sizes of the LSRPM 132 M

Figure 6: The pulley alignment of the LSRPM 132 M using a belt

Figure 5: The width and space of a railway

Figure 6: The height of the leaves on the railhead

Figure 7: The different lengths which are used in the calculations

Figure 8: The relation between the pressure in megaPascal MPa and the developed torque in Nm Td

Figure 9: The relation between the developed torque in Nm Td and the power in megaWatt MW

A sweeper can be used to remove dirt from surfaces. The brushes can be made out of metal (steel), polypropylene or pig’s bristles. For brushes used to clean the railway the bristles are made out of steel or polypropylene and the sweeper operates at a high torque which makes it possible to remove snow, coal, stones, dust, sand, leaves, trash and dirt from the railway . When the high-speed rail is left out the maximum speed a train can achieve in the Netherlands is 160 km/h . This means that the brushes have to rotate at a speed higher than 160 km/h. For this research a minimum speed of 200 km/h is a requirement for the brushes. A common diameter for the broom is 915 mm, the broom diameter of the Dymax rail sweeper is equal to 915 mm and the diameter of the KM90/120 is also equal to 915 mm. Therefore the brush diameter of the robot is fixed at 915 mm if the brush is placed horizontally over both railheads. Most motors have their speed specification in rotations per minute (RPM). The speed in km/h of the motor depends on, in this case, the diameter of the brushes. The diameter is fixed at 915 mm and the minimum speed is 200 km/h therefore the minimum RPM can be calculated using the following equation

v = d x RPM x 0.001885 (1)

where v is the speed in km/h, d is the diameter in cm and RPM is the speed in rotations per minute. Using 200 km/h and 915 mm for the diameter a minimal RPM of 1160 is needed to operate at a sufficient speed. When searching for already used rail sweepers the RPM is too low to use in our robot. After some research the LSRPM 132 M permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) was found which has the following important specifications in the operation range of 1500 RPM:

• Rated power P_n = 12 kW
• Efficiency η = 92.0 %
• Rated torque T = 69 Nm
• Rated current I = 21 A
• Weight = 49 kg

The sizes are shown in picture ???. The RPM of a motor can be obtained using the following equation

RPM =P/T (2)

where P is the power in Watts and T is the torque in Nm. Filling in the data of the LSRPM 132 M a RPM of 1660 is obtained. Converting this RPM into km/h using (1) gives 286.44 km/h. This is a high enough speed to operate which means that the motor is also able to operate at a lower RPM which consumes less power, this also results in a lower required current.

Another possible placement of the sweeper is to place it vertical and use two sweepers instead of one. The new diameter of the brushes is determined using the knowledge about the railway. The railway has a width inside width of 1435 mm and a heart-to-heart width of 1500 mm . This means that the width between the outsides of the railway is equal to 1565 mm, this is also show in the figure ???. To clean the rail-head from the compressed leaves and the snow, which also lays between the two rail-heads, the diameter of one sweeper has to be half the width of the outside to outside. The minimum diameter which cleans the whole surface is equal to 782.5 mm. To foresee a problem which is caused by the brushes touching each other a diameter of 770 mm is used. The advantages of placing the brushes vertical is that less torque is needed per sweeper because the two sweepers now clean one railhead each instead of one sweeper two railheads. Another advantage of using two sweepers is that it is not needed to place the sweeper a bit diagonal. When a horizontal sweeper is used it is needed to place it a bit diagonal to move the leaves, but mostly the snow, next to the railway. If the sweeper is not placed diagonal the leaves and snow are only moved forward which means that the sweeper is constantly removing the same leaves and snow. By using the vertical sweepers the leaves and snow are moved to the direction in which the brush is rotating. This means that, from the perspective of the machinist, the left brush has to rotate counterclockwise and the right brush clockwise to move the leaves and snow next to the railway.

The power transfer from the motor to the brushes will be done using a belt which is also suggested in the data sheet of the LSRPM PMSM . The exact placement of the belt is shown in figure ???. On one side of the motor an extra gear is needed to make the brush rotate counter-clockwise.

The next important part of the sweeper is the material of the brushes. Common materials for the bristles are steel and polypropylene. The leaves are highly compressed and therefore strong bristles are needed. Steel bristles are strong but also affect the railway itself, metal on metal friction. The goal is to remove the leaves from the railhead while the rail itself in not additionally damaged, therefore the steel bristles are no option. Polypropylene can be soft but also hard, for our problem the hard polypropylene is the solution.

The required specifications of the motor are calculated in the following parts.

Pressure

The leaves are compressed to the railhead by the trains themselves. To calculate the maximum pressure in Pascal that the leaves are compressed the surface and the weight have to be calculated. The four-coach configuration of the Regiorunner weighs 226 ton. Every waggon has 8 wheels which means a total of 32 wheels for the four-coach configuration. Dividing the total weight over the wheels gives a weight of 7062.5 Kg per wheel. The diameter of one wheel is 1000 mm, this gives a wheel radius of 500 mm. To calculate the area which is compressed by the train the height of the leaves on the railhead needs to be known. A research of L. R. Goodes, T. J. Harvey, N. Symonds and T.G. Leighton on the leaves on the railhead shows a diagram shown in Figure ??? which displays the height of the leaves. From Figure ??? can be concluded that the highest point is 20 µm which will be used in the following calculations. An illustration of the lengths for the following calculations are shown in Figure ???. First the height a between the middle of the wheel and the highest point of the leaves is calculated using

a = r-h, (3)

where r is the radius of the wheel and h is the highest point of the leaves on the railhead. Then the length from the middle of the wheel to the point where the radius r achieves the height a can be determined using pythagoras

b = sqrt[(r^2)-(a^2)]. (4)

Using the length b the total length which compresses the leaves L can be calculated using the following equation

L = 2b. (5)

To calculate the area A which is compressed by the train the length 'L is multiplied by the width of the railhead w

A = L x w. (6)

To calculate the pressure which is expressed on the leaves the weight per wheel has to be converted from Kg to Newton which is done with the following equation

N = 9.81 x M_w, (7)

where N is the weight per wheel in Newtons and M_w is the weight per wheel in Kg. The pressure Pa in Pascal is finally determined using

Pa = N/A. (8)

When the train has passed the pressure on the leaves will decrease but the leaves are more stuck to the railhead than before. When the leaves are wet some amount of water is pressed out of the leaves which makes it stuck even more to the railhead.

Torque

The torque depends on how heavy or stucked the leaves are to railhead. In this calculation the torque is determined using an object from which the bristles do not bent, this means that for the real-world problem the torque needed is higher than calculated. First the effective radius of the sweeper which cleans/moves the leaves is calculated. In the most extreme case this is equal to half the width of the railhead. This is then multiplied by the mass of the of the compressed leaves. This will lead to the following equation

Td = N x w/2, (9)

where Td is the required developed Torque, N is the mass of the compressed leaves in Nm and w is the width of the railhead. Figure ??? shows the relation between the pressure in megaPascal MPa and the developed torque in Nm Td. The shaft torque Ts is determined using the efficiency of the motor which will be equal to the efficiency of the LSRPM 132 M, in this case 92.0%. The equation for the shaft torque is equal to

Ts = Td/efficiency, (10)

Power

The required power is determined using the fixed speed in RPM calculated with (2). The equation for the power will look like this

P = Ts x RPM. (11)

The relation between the developed torque in Nm Td and the power in megaWatt MW is shown in Figure ???.

Conclusion

When the equations are filled in with the data from the Regiorunner and the knowledge from the research of of L. R. Goodes, T. J. Harvey, N. Symonds and T.G. Leighton on the leaves on the railhead a pressure of 59.5859 MPa is found. This leads to a required developed torque of 4503.4 N/m. When the speed of the sweeper is fixed at 200 km/h a required power of 6.2054 MW is obtained. The full implemented calculation can be found in appendix B. The LSRPM 132 M permanent magnet synchronous motor does not have the required specifications; it has a to low power and torque. The required power which goes into the megaWatts in not possible together with a developed torque of 4503.4 N/m and therefore the sweeper will not be used in the final product.

Laser

Figure 10: A visual representation of the laser removal system

Lasers are used for all kind of operations but when operating at a wavelength of 1064 nm it becomes useful for the railway. Due to a carefully designed optical set-up of mirrors and lenses the laser was able to produce a series of pulses, 25.000 per second. At this wavelength the laser clears the track from debris. The highly compressed leaves on the railway absorbs the pulses, which leads to a temperature of 5.000 Celsius degrees. Due to this high temperature the leaves heat up rapidly which causes it to expand and lift of the railway . Research from Mr. Higgins with TU Delft showed that the desired outcome is achieved even at a speed of 50 mph (80.47 km/h). The intercities from the NS have a maximum speed of 160 km/h which is double the experiment speed. This means that it needs to be checked if the leaves are heated up strong enough to get lifted from the track using the same laser. The equations are shown in the next section and the full work-out, which also displays the equations a lot clearer, can be found in Appendix C.

Time

To calculate the new temperature when the train travels at 160 km/h the discrete step pulses I needs to be determined using the knowledge from the experiment at 50 mph. The first thing which needs to be done is to convert the speed from mph to m/s which is done by using the following equation

v = (mph/0.6213711922)/3.6, (12)

where v is the speed in m/s. Using this speed and the knowledge from the laser the pulses per meter can be determined using

p_m = p/v, (13)

where p_m is the pulses per meter and p is the amount of pulses per second. The time which the surface receives a pulse t is then equal to

t = p_m/p. (14)

Discrete step pulses

The discrete step pulses I, which is time dependent, is determined using the knowledge and data from the experiment and the calculated time t. The discrete step pulses I is obtained using

I = (T.*λ.*δ)./((2./sqrt(π)).*sqrt(t)+(e.^t).*erfc(sqrt(t)-1)), (15)

where T is the temperature in kelvin, λ is the thermal conductivity which is 0.54 for water infiltrated leaves and δ which is the wavelength in meters and for this laser equal to 1064 nm. The discrete intensity function id, which is also time dependent, is equal to

id = Tdes/(2/sqrt(pi))*sqrt(t)+ (e.^t).*erfc(sqrt(t)-1), (16)

where Tdes is the desired temperature in kelvin, in this case 5273 K. With this data the discrete constant I_0 is obtained using

I_0 = I/id. (17)

With the constant now known (I_0 = 5.7456 x 10^-7) the discrete step pulses I can be obtained for the new speed which is 160 km/h.

Temperature

The increase in temperature of the surface is obtained using

T = ((I)./(λ.*δ)).*((2./sqrt(pi)).*sqrt(t)+(e.^t).*erfc(sqrt(t)-1)). (18)

For the experiment T was already know, 5273 K, but for the new speed this temperature is used as the desired temperature Tdes. The temperature which is reached in the time that the laser is active is determined using the calculated time and discrete step pulses.

Conclusion

When the calculations are performed and discrete constant I_0 is determined the newly reached temperature T can be calculated. The newly reached temperature T is equal to almost 5000 Celsius degrees. The difference in a percentage is -1.7248 x 10^-14 % which is really small. This means that a laser can theoretically be used at a speed of 160 km/h. The reason that the difference in temperature is really small is due to the fact that a laser travels at the speed of light (3 x 10^8 m/s). The increase of speed from the train (22.1 m/s) almost fully disappears in ratio with the speed of light. A visualisation of how the laser will work is shown in figure ???.

In practise

The calculations above show that it is theoretically possible to lift the compressed leaves from the railhead but in practise some extra instruments are needed. In the calculations the assumption was made that there were no other obstacles covering the compressed leaves on the railhead. In practise other not yet compressed leaves and/or a thin layers of snow are covering the compressed leaves from the laser. To make sure the compressed leaves are not covered a brush is placed in front of the laser. This brush cleans the the railhead from the not yet compressed leaves and the thin layers of snow. The laser can now directly hit the compressed leaves which will make them expand and get lifted from the railhead. The next thing is that the leaves are now lifted from the railhead but not yet removed. To make sure the leaves are removed from the railhead another brush is placed behind the laser. In the previous section about the sweeper is was concluded that a sweeper is not able to remove the compressed leaves from the railhead. This is still true but in this case the compressed leaves are not compressed anymore because they are lifted from the railhead. The required torque to remove the leaves from the railhead is now way less than when the leaves are compressed. The robot still uses one motor to operate all the four brushes (left and right railhead, in front and behind the laser) which means that the new requirements for the motor have to be calculated. The difference between the previous calculations for the motor requirements is that for this calculation the pressure is not taken into account, the leaves are already lifted from the railhead, and that the mass of just the leaves and snow is used.

Mass

To calculate the new requirements of the motor the mass of the leaves and snow has to be calculated. The weight of compacted or wet leaves is equal to 550 lb. per cubic yard and the weight of loose and dry leaves is equal to 150 lb. per cubic yard. As a rule of thumb snow has a weight of 20 pounds per cubic foot. Cubic foot is converted to cubic yard using

CY = CF x 0.037037037, (19)

where CY is the volume in cubic yard and CF is the volume in cubic foot. To convert the volume from cubic yard to cubic meter the following equation is used

CM = CY/1.3080, (20)

where CM is the volume in cubic meter. The weight of the leaves and snow is also given in pounds but in this case it is easier to convert them into kilograms before continuing the calculations. This is done by using the following equation

kg = lb x 0.45359237, (21)

where kg is the mass in kilograms and lb is the mass in pounds. The mass the brushes have to remove can then be calculated using the following equation

M_x = w x h x d x CM x kg, (22)

where M_x is the mass which needs to be removed from one of the three obstacles, w is the width of the railhead, h is the height of the leaves or snow and d is the effective diameter of the brush. In this calculation the height is chosen to be the maximum value, so 20 um for compacted leaves, 8 cm for snow and for the loose leaves no data could be found so a value of 1 cm is used. The calculations for M_x has to done 3 times: for the compacted or wet leaves, loose and dry leaves and the snow. The total mass is then equal to

M = 2 x (M_compacted_leaves + M_loose_leaves + M_snow), (23)

where M_compacted_leaves is the mass of the compacted or wet leaves, M_loose_leaves is the mass of the loose and dry leaves and M_snow is the mass of the snow that has to be removed. Finally the mass to be removed has to be multiplied by 2 because the motor will drive the brushes for the left railhead but also for the right railhead. The full calculation can be found in Appendix D. The new motor requirements are shown below when the brush rotates at a speed of 200 km/h and the efficiency is equal to 76%:

• Power = 741.4328 Watt
• Developed torque = 0.4089 Nm
• RPM = 1377.9 RPM

This is realistic and doable. It also shows that the LSRPM 132 M has specifications which are a lot higher which means a smaller and cheaper motor can be used. The new motor which is going to be used is the E2T IEC 80 M4D. This motor has the following specification :

• Power = 750 Watts
• Torque = 0.5245 Nm
• RPM = 1430 RPM
• Efficiency = 79.6 - 76.0 %
• Weight = 12.5 kg
• Price = 140 euro

The laser that will be used is the Adapt Laser Systems Lasersystem CL 1000 with the following specifications:

• Power = 1000 Watts
• Electrical requirement = 3 x 480 Volts
• 25000 pulses/second
• Weight = 1030 lbs

Rust

During the beginning of this project it was thought that rust also caused problems and that it should be removed with the use of our robot. When we contacted Prorail it became clear that rust is not a critical problem, due to the continues driving of the trains the rust has no time to be created. From this information it is decided to not focus on rust anymore.

Metal

Next to leaves, snow, ice and rust, loose metal objects can also form an obstacle on the railway. Currently, not much research or work is done on metal trash collecting on and around railway tracks. The main reason for this is that metal trash is not a common obstacle on the railway. Although, it does not form a real problem yet, a solution to this problem was still analyzed to check whether implementing it would be beneficial or disadvantageous. So to clean the railway from these metal obstacles, a magnet can be used to collect all the trash. Magnets can attract other iron-containing materials, such as trash cans on the railway, which is useful when cleaning the railroads. However, using a magnet raises the chance of bothering metal objects of the train itself that are attached on the bottom of the train. Furthermore, depending on the strength of the magnet, on the long term the use of a magnet can damage the rail track. On top of that, as discussed in the introduction of this part, metal objects are currently not forming a real issue for train delays and railway maintenance. Therefore, metal will not be focused on any further.

Component list

In this part of the report a list of components shown which are needed for the product.

Electrical

Product	Amount	Price per unit	Mass per unit	Picture
E2T IEC 80 M4D	1	€140,-	12.5 kg	Picture 1
Coupler system type 430	2	Price 2	Mass 2	Picture 2
Computer	Amount 3	Price 3	Mass 3	Picture 3
Speed sensor	1	Price 4	Mass 4	Picture 4
Adapt Laser Systems Lasersystem CL 1000	2	$480.000,-	1030 lbs	Picture 5
Product 6	Amount 6	Price 6	Mass 6	Picture 6
Product 7	Amount 7	Price 7	Mass 7	Picture 7
Product 8	Amount 8	Price 8	Mass 8	Picture 8
Product 9	Amount 9	Price 9	Mass 9	Picture 9

Non-electrical

Product	Amount	Price per unit	Mass per unit	Picture
Hard polypropylene brushes with diameter 770 mm	4	Price 1	Mass 1	Picture 1
Base	1	Price 2	Mass 2	Picture 2
Wheels	4	Price 3	Mass 3	Picture 3
Frame	1	Price 4	Mass 4	Picture 4
Product 5	Amount 5	Price 5	Mass 5	Picture 5
Product 6	Amount 6	Price 6	Mass 6	Picture 6
Product 7	Amount 7	Price 7	Mass 7	Picture 7
Product 8	Amount 8	Price 8	Mass 8	Picture 8
Product 9	Amount 9	Price 9	Mass 9	Picture 9

Cost Analysis

Figure 10: Finances of ProRail in 2017

As discussed in the USE Aspects, the main aim of the enterprise ProRail is to make as much profit as possible. Furthermore, ProRail is dependent on subsidies and fees for the financing of its activities from the Ministry of Infrastructure and Water Management and other governments. Hence, it is important to analyse the current subsidies, fees and expenses of Prorail and keep the robot price lower than these subsidies and current expenses. Mainly the current expenses of Prorail on management and maintenance of the railway are important to investigate, as this is the area where the robot will be active.

To find these expenses a year report of 2017 was analysed , as the year report for 2018 was not yet published. In 2017, ProRail received € 2.583 million to spend as can be seen in figure 10. from this € 2.583 million 68,5% was received to invest in management and maintenance which equals to € 1.771 million. Eventually they spent € 1.689 million from the received money in management and maintenance. ProRail mainly spends this maintenance money on keeping the railway safe and active. They let the maintenance work carried out as effectively and efficiently as possible by qualified contractors. There are three main maintenance and management activities that are conducted.

Figure 11: Operating costs of ProRail in 2017

The first activity is large-scale maintenance. This concerns the activities that are necessary to ensure the quality of the maintain infrastructure and achieve long and medium-term lifespan. The activities focus in particular on maintenance and replacement, adjustment and modification of constructions, preservation of objects, grinding of rails and seasoning of the tracks. In 2017, Prorail has spent €109 million on large-scale maintenance, as shown in figure 11.

The second activity is small-scale maintenance. This concerns the activities that are necessary to improve the availability, reliability and safety. These activities focus on inspections of the infrastructure, correction of track location, replacement of components and functional recovery . In 2017, Prorail has spent €303 million on small-scale maintenance, as shown in figure 11.

The third activity is the maintenance of the transfer spaces in stations and the management. The maintenance involves cleaning, structural maintenance, troubleshooting, energy, property taxes and insurances. Management relates to the management of IT systems, energy consumption of the rail infrastructure and the deployment in the event of emergencies . In 2017, Prorail has spent €79 million on maintenance of transfer spaces, and €180 million on management, as shown in figure 11.

From these explanations on the three different activities, it can be concluded that the robot fits within the second activity, small-scale maintenance. As a result, it can be estimated that a budget of €303 million can be used for the robots. However, the robot is not able to cover all the small-scale maintenance problems that arise every year. The small-scale maintenance is mainly focused on solving the problems that arise on the railway that cause delay to passengers. From the statistics on delay causes, it can be found that 2% is caused by weather influences, 7% on construction activities and 9% on external influences . From this total of 18%, it was estimated that 2,5% is related to delay by leafs. Hence, it was estimated that 2,5% of the €303 million small-scale maintenance budget can be used for the robots, which is €7,575 million. This estimation will be used in the calculation, as a preciser number on the budget that is needed for cleaning leafs is not published.

As mentioned in the usability section, at least 119 robots will be needed for a successful implementation of the leaf cleaning system in the Netherlands. Therefore, a maximum of €63.655 per robot can be used per year. Currently the robot has a total estimated cost of ...

Conclusion

The Dag-blad is a robot that is developed to remove leaves and snow from the railway. These obstacles are the cause of approximately 10% of all the delays on the Dutch railway network. The Dag-blad is able to achieve its goal by using a combination of sweepers and powerful lasers.

The sweepers on the front remove a large part of the loose snow and leaves. This clears the way for the laser to tackle the compressed (wet) leaves underneath. Compressed leaves form a low-friction coating, which is dangerous for trains. A sweeper by itself is unable to remove this though layer, so a laser is required. The laser has a specific wavelength of 1064 nm that heats up the leaves and loosens them. A second sweeper is then able to remove the slippery layer from the railhead.

Snow is only dangerous in large quantities (more than 30 cm) or in between switches. When compressed, it can turn into solid ice or block the movement of switches. Switch heaters are designed to melt the snow in between switches, but they can not handle too much snow. The sweepers are able to reduce these problems, since they prevent snow from accumulating and blocking the switches too much. Switch heaters can then melt the remaining snow away. A 3D-model of the robot can be found in figure ?.

In short, the Dag-blad is an independent cart that consists of a sweeper, a laser and another sweeper respectively. Due to the overcrowded schedule on the Dutch rail network, it is almost impossible to fit another machine in this schedule. That is why the robot does not move along the tracks independently. It is attached to the front of trains via a Scharfenberg coupler.

Since the Dag-blad is designed to tackle weather-related problems, it is mainly used during the autumn and winter seasons. However, the need for the robot is still very dependent on the daily weather. This makes it hard to predict how many of them are needed. A rough estimation has been made by looking at the number of different train lines (114) and adding extra robots to the biggest stations, which results in a total of 187 Dag-blad robots.

Finally, a cost estimate has been made to predict the feasibility of the Dag-blad. It will only be implemented if the costs of the development and deployment is lower than the current costs of maintenance and delays. Our estimates indicate that at least ..% will be saved by implementing the robot in its current state. This will make it very interesting for ProRail and NS to adopt.

In conclusion, we see that there is a lot of potential for this robot to be implemented in the Dutch rail network. It will reduce the number of delays, which saves costs for NS. And it will also reduce maintenance costs for ProRail.

Discussion

The Dag-blad is currently an independent cart that can only be used if it is attached to trains. This is a rather inefficient method, since it has to attach and detach regularly. It would be interesting to investigate whether it might be better to attach the Dag-blad to the front and back of trains permanently. This reduces the effort involved in attaching the robot. However, this requires all trains to be equipped with two Dag-blad units on both sides, which will be a significant one-time investment. Further research into this option is required to make valuable claims.

Appendix A

Appendix B