PRE2018 3 Group16

Group members

Edwin Steenkamer	1006712
Sjir Schielen	1024154
Thijs Conner	1011148
Tobin van den Hurk	1009573
Tom Verberk	1016472

Subject

The environmental challenges in Africa, which are only increasing in difficulty due to, among other factors, the consequences of global warming, are a real concern for the food production in this area. As a consequence, independent and poor small-scale farmers and small villages living of agriculture across Africa may struggle to sustain themselves. The agricultural sector in Sub-Saharan Africa is dealt a bad hand, considering the suboptimal conditions they have to deal with in this arid and drought-prone land. Since the agricultral sector makes up a large part of the Sub-Saharan labor market, every improvement made in this area will benefit a substantial part of the African population. However, the lack of proper education and the misuse of technology in these agricultural areas hinders the development of efficient food production. This problem knows many sides and solving all of these in one solution is virtually impossible.

While researching the exact problems, it has become apparent that the lack of water is a clear limiting factor in agriculture. Even though this does not come completely out of the blue, only after some research it became apparent that there is still a lot of room for improvement regarding water usage. Therefore, we want to make a system that collects, stores and distributes water in a smart and efficient way. Since the climate varies heavily across the enormous continent which is Africa, the solution presented on this wiki focuses primarily on Southern Africa, where both the dry season and rainy season are lengthy and significant. This allows for collecting water when rain is abundant, and storing it untill it is needed in the more dry parts of the year. This in turn would decrease the amount of failed harvest caused by drought, allow for a greater variety in crops, and shift the farmers' focus from trying to survive even if a harvest fails to maximizing harvest all year long instead.

Objectives

The objective is to find a solution that improves the situation with respect to water in Africa's arid and drought-prone areas. This can be done by designing a system that collects, stores and distributes water, while closely paying attention to what the users really require. To do this, the first objective is a literature study, which is needed to provide the required knowledge. Then, the objective is to design the system based on the knowledge.

Milestones

• Summarize at least 7 scientific articles each
• Current situation sketch
• Determine & discuss possibilities for improvement of current situation
• Cost analysis
• (Low-level) System design
• Example scenarios

Approach

For this project, an initial literature study is required. By exploring the subject in a top-down fashion, the main focus of the project can be adjusted. In other words, gathering information on the broad topic of farming in sub-optimal conditions in general, allows for the project to delve deeper into the aspects of farming deemed most important. Using this method instead of starting with a focus on a specific problem regarding farming, eliminates the threat of discovering this specific problem is not as interesting or important as expected. Another benefit of starting with an extensive research on the state-of-the-art, is that the amount of assumptions is expected to be limited. This allows for more grounded arguments and reasoning as to why certain aspects are deemed more important.

This led to the opinion that the most effective way of improving agricultural gains is by conquering extended periods of drought. Transporting water from more humid areas is a possibility, but unfavorable due to transportation costs and limited availlability of water even in those more humid parts. Therefore, a means to improve the usage of the already availlable water during the rain seasons is more desirable.

The process of increasing water efficiency has 3 distinctive steps, which all need to be looked at individually first: collection, storage and distribution. Then, these parts need to be combined into one construction, centered around the user.

Deliverables

This project will ultimately consist of

• A literature study on automated farming
• In-depth analysis on yet to be specified topics, exploring their possibilities
• A design for automated farming in Sub-Saharan conditions, which solves at least 1 of the problems discovered during the research, albeit partially.

Planning

The planning can be viewed by following this link.

Role division

The role division, or 'who will do what' section, is likely to change over time, because newly obtained knowledge can steer the project in a (slightly) different direction. As of now, the following role division is made:

Edwin focuses on the state-of-the-art and the users requirements that the design should satisfy.

Sjir does research on water management and livestock and specifies the requirements the design should satisfy with respect to water management and livestock.

Thijs and Tobin do research on what measurements should be performed and how they should be performed. They also specify the requirements with respect to measurements and perform a cost analysis.

Tom does research on and specifies design requirements on water management and irrigation. He also does a cost analysis.

A completer role division is listed in the planning. There is some overlap in the tasks that are carried out, which is done on purpose to create room for discussion on the requirements.

Users

The users of the technology can be divided into primary, secondary and tertiary users. The primary users are small based farmers that live in conditions which are suboptimal for agriculture. These conditions are mainly found in drought-prone areas of Africa, such as the areas in or around deserts. As primary users, the artifact or technology is directly aimed to be of use to this group.

Secondary users are the people in nearby villages that benefit from a more consistent food supply. They benefit from the available food through the farmer's use of the artifact. Bigger farmer organizations (or collectives/unions) are also considered secondary users, as they benefit from higher production caused by the farmer's use of the artifact. Larger scale farmers may also use the technology, although it was intended for small scale farmers. Larger scale farmers are therefore considered secondary users.

The tertiary user is society as a whole. If food production increases it will benefit society. Society as a whole is not using the artifact, but it benefits from a more efficient use in water for agriculture through the increased production. As the artifact is aimed to increase the efficiency in the use of water, it is projected that more food becomes available. This is likely to cause economic growth in these developing areas, which makes it attractive to investors. Therefore, investors can also be seen as a tertiary user.

User Requirements

The technology requires a source of energy. As the energy infrastructure in Africa is underdeveloped to non-existent in certain areas, this forms a problem. In, for example, Sub-Saharan Africa, only an estimated 31% of all inhabitants have access to electricity [15]. Access to electricity is usually in towns or cities, which is not where the farmer has his piece of land. This means that the users require the technology to generate its own needed energy or to work on fuel.

The scarcity of water is the main reason behind this artifact. Water is very valuable in areas prone to drought and the sad reality is that it literally is a matter of life and death. Therefore the artifact must be efficient with water. This means that it should catch as much water as possible and store it while keeping losses at a minimum.

Although the technology is primarily aimed to be used for crops, it is unlikely that it will be the only use. If drought strikes and there is water available in the storage tank, people will use it for consumption. Even if it is explicitly clarified that it is no drinking water, to the people it is still better than no water at all. Therefore it is required that the storage tank keeps the water clean to a certain degree. This induces more difficulty in the design of the artifact which was not projected at first, but it does make the artifact more user oriented.

Former automation solutions have failed due to the weak state of the economy in these developing countries. Farmers live off the harvest rather than the profit they receive from selling their crops. This means that no jobs should be replaced by the artifact, which is vital for it to be adopted in the first place. The farmers will not use technology that replaces their jobs, therefore it is important that the artifact performs a task that no farmer can do. The system collects, stores and irrigates water, which are tasks that farmers cannot do themselves.

The artifact is aimed to help the farmer with water management. It is projected to perform this task autonomously, but in the end the farmer should have full control. In the case of a severe drought, if the water is required for drinking, the farmer should have access to the storage tank. Therefore the farmer should be able to intervene with the autonomous way of operation on request. The farmer should be able to understand how to interact with the artifact in the desired way. Therefore, it should be understandable. When specifying the system requirements, it should be taken into account that illiteracy rates are globally the highest in the underdeveloped parts of Africa, which is the same area in which the artifact is projected to operate.

A requirement that is applicable to all users and non-users of the artifact, is that the artifact’s greenhouse gas emissions should be as low as possible. This requirement becomes more and more important as the effects of climate change begin to show. It is especially important for the farmers in drought-prone areas as they live in areas which are expected to be heavily affected by climate change.

State-of-the-art

Agriculture is one of the biggest sectors we have in this world. Without food, we would not be able to live on this planet. Since this project focuses on small-scale farmers, the research is divided into different subjects deemed most important in getting a better picture of how small-scale farmers could be assisted. The first section will briefly touch on some of the core aspects of Sub-Saharan agriculture, after which a more in-depth state of the art for things like water collection, irrigation, and water storage.

Sub-Saharan African agriculture

The best ways to provide energy to systems implemented on a farm.

Energy production is vital to the development of Africa. Currently only an estimated 31% of the whole population in Sub-Saharan Africa has access to electricity, whereas about 80% of the energy consumption is still accounted for by traditional biomass energy. An increase in energy consumption is needed for Sub-Saharan Africa to develop. Climate changes poses a threat to the already vulnerable agricultural sector of Sub-Saharan Africa. Energy sources other than biomass with low carbon emissions are needed to improve the agriculture in these fragile environments. The lack of funding is the major problem and as the globe warms, time is of the essence [15]. Sub-Saharan Africa offers conditions that may be beneficial for energy production. The area receives solar radiation with an intensity that is among the highest on the planet. The now commercially available technology concentrating solar power (CSP) is a candidate technology which, with the right investments, can generate a lot of power in North Africa [32]. There are possibilities for large scale energy production in this area, which may benefit other parts of the world as well, but the main problem remains funding.

How does livestock and vegetation affect (and benefit) each other.

There are theoretical benefits to the interaction between crops and livestock. Livestock can be used for physical labour on the land and manure can fertilize the soil. In Sub-Saharan Africa, however, this concept is not well integrated. The concept is not applied through the availability of information, but through environmental differences [25]. Another theory suggests that households in Sub-Saharan Africa use livestock as a buffer stock to insulate their consumption from income fluctuations. As the problems of engaging in rainfed agriculture are inevitable in a drought-prone area, it is often assumed that livestock form a buffer for the dry season. Results indicate that livestock transactions play less of a consumption smoothing role than often assumed. One can conclude that there are better ways to manage agriculture [13]. Another problem is that most livestock was introduced to Africa through trade with Europe and the Middle-East, hence the animals are less adapted to the extreme conditions [19]. The use of different animals as livestock may benefit the harsh areas. It is, however, important to analyze how effective species are with water. A way to do this is by the concept of livestock water productivity (LWP) [10]. LWP is defined as the ratio between the sum of all net livestock products and services and the sum of all depleted/ degraded water. It assigns a numerical value with the unit dollar per cubic meter of water. By using this concept a numerical problem can be formulated that allows optimization. This approach does, however, rely on available information and it is estimate based.

Methods of Soil sampling and analysis.

Soil consists of many different kind of elements which can have an effect on the crop growth. To measure these elements soil sampling and analysis has to be done. Different analysis methods are needed for different elements such as chemical, biological, organic matter, physical and water analyses [6] [17] [24]. The effectiveness of these tests, for a low budget and uneducated farmer, are dependant on the ease of use and low-cost equipment. Investigating new and improved ideas of how to measure specific elements may help in choosing the right tests [33] [35] [20]. In case of putting these sensors on a robot an assessment also has to be made about the effectiveness of different kind of agricultural robots [26].

Soil analysis and degradation.

Not just the drought, but rather soil degradation combined with the rapid increase in population in developing areas such as Sub-Saharan Africa, will pose a major threat for food production in the near future[31]. To combat this degradation, adequate measures should be applied. Measuring the soil composition at different locations in a single field, will give more insight in the so-called micro-variabilities[5]. These measurements can be used to more efficiently water, manure, and weed crops, which has proven to be more effective than simply introducing new techniques or machinery[4].

Obstacles for small scale farmers in poor countries.

The demand for food products for export markets is increasing severely in developing countries . But most of the small-scale farmers in those countries have difficulties profiting from this increasing demand. This article[12] gives a few problems small-scale farmers are having including pesticide use and poor storage facilities. To improve these farmers need technology, but to choose which technology is needed and then actually integrate this technology is easier said than done[14]. The conclusion is that a combination of lack of knowledge, resources, and technology is the reason small-scale farmers are having trouble to increase their production and make their farm more efficient[9].

Technology that is used in agriculture in industrialized countries.

Nowadays technology is having a massive impact on agriculture, especially in industrialized countries. A great example of this is precision farming. This type of farming uses wireless network systems (WNSs) to make sure every plant or animal gets a very precise treatment[7]. Other examples of smart farming is given in these articles[16][18]. The first article describes a system that can measure physical parameters of the soil that play a vital role in farming activities and the second article describes a system that can reduce the amount of water used by implementing a soil moisture sensor to automate the water sprinkler.

Water specific SotA

Stagnant or moving water storage?

It has been shown that mismanagement of irrigation resulting in the formation of stagnant pools lead to the transmission of water-related diseases such as schistosomiasis, malaria and typhoid fever [1]. Moreover, under the condition of stagnant water, cyanotoxins can reach high concentrations in water and might represent health and ecological risks [2]. Furthermore, stagnant water has a decreased oxygen content which is disadvantageous for crop growth. It has been found that aeration of crops can increase the yield by up to 96% [3] [4] [5]

Best type of irrigation?

(Subsurface) drip irrigation can reliably provide an increased yield and water use efficiency. Some difficulties in adopting this technology have been expressed by the few farmers who adopted it. The main recommendations for being able to have a successful adoption of this technology is. (1) Redesign drip system to help prevent common problems (2) Invest in clear education for adopter, focusing on maintenance and repairs. (3) Encourage the adoption of complementary technologies to support the function of drip systems, such as water storage, purification and delivery systems[6].

How to measure soil moisture levels?

There are many different techniques to measure the soil moisture levels, to make a better choice which one to pick, the different techniques will be compared to each other with regards to the user requirements. this can be found in the table below.

Link naar tabel?

water specific SotA Sources

[1]: Doorenbos, J., & Kassam, A. H. (1979). Yield response to water. Irrigation and drainage paper, 33, 257.

[2]: Bláha, L., Babica, P., & Maršálek, B. (2009). Toxins produced in cyanobacterial water blooms-toxicity and risks. Interdisciplinary toxicology, 2(2), 36-41.

[3]:Bhattarai, S. P., Huber, S., & Midmore, D. J. (2004). Aerated subsurface irrigation water gives growth and yield benefits to zucchini, vegetable soybean and cotton in heavy clay soils. Annals of applied biology, 144(3), 285-298.

[4]:Armstrong, W., & Boatman, D. J. (1967). Some field observations relating the growth of bog plants to conditions of soil aeration. The Journal of Ecology, 101-110.

[5]:Hook, D. D., Langdon, O. G., Stubbs, J., & Brown, C. L. (1970). Effect of Water Regimes on the Survival, Growth, and Morphology of Tupelo Seedlings1. Forest Science, 16(3), 304-311.

[6]: Friedlander, L., Tal, A., & Lazarovitch, N. (2013). Technical considerations affecting adoption of drip irrigation in sub-Saharan Africa. Agricultural water management, 126, 125-132.

Sources SotA

[1] AGRA. (2017). Africa Agriculture Status Report: The Business of Smallholder Agriculture in Sub-Saharan Africa (Issue 5). Nairobi, Kenya: Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa (AGRA). Issue No. 5. Retrieved February 13, 2019, from https://agra.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/Final-AASR-2017-Aug-28.pdf

[2] Bahiri, A., Drechsel, P., & Brissaud, F. (2016, September). Water reuse in Africa: challenges and opportunities. Retrieved February 13, 2019, from https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/245271/2/H041872.pdf

[3] Beyene, A., Vuai, S., Gasana, J., & Seleshi, Y. (2015, June 11). Reliability analysis of roof rainwater harvesting systems in a semi-arid region of sub-Saharan Africa: case study of Mekelle, Ethiopia. Retrieved February 13, 2019, from https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02626667.2015.1061195

[4] Binswanger, H., & Pingali, P. (1988, January). Technological Priorities for Farming in Sub-Saharan Africa. Retrieved February 13, 2019, from http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.867.372&rep=rep1&type=pdf

[5] Brouwers, J., Fussell, L. K., & Herrmann, L. (1993, July). Soil and crop growth micro-variability in the West African semi-arid tropics: a possible risk-reducing factor for subsistence farmers [Book, pages 229-238]. Retrieved February 13, 2019, from https://ac.els-cdn.com/016788099390073X/1-s2.0-016788099390073X-main.pdf?_tid=f2ea4388-c466-40f8-b80b-0b5e1b36d830

[6] Canadian Society of Soil Science. (2008). Soil Sampling and Methods of Analysis (2nd ed.). Boca Raton, USA: Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. Retrieved February 13, 2019, from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kamal_Karim/post/Can_anyone_suggest_me_simple_protocols_for_soil_analysis/attachment/59d653e179197b80779aba47/AS%3A519479371067392%401500864941715/download/Soil+Sampling+and+Methods+of+Analysis%2C+Second+Edition.pdf

[7] Chetan Dwarkani, M., Ganesh Ram, R., Jagannathan, S., & Priyatharsini, R. (2015, July 1). Smart farming system using sensors for agricultural task automation [Conference publication]. Retrieved February 13, 2019, from https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/7358530

[8] Chia, H. W., Chia, H., Roordink, J., Rizviç, D., Song, M., & Gian, T. (2017). Water Transport Infrastructure. Retrieved February 13, 2019, from http://cstwiki.wtb.tue.nl/index.php?title=Water_Transport_Infrastructure

[9] Deichmann, U., Goyal, A., & Mishra, D. (n.d.). Will Digital Technologies Transform Agriculture in Developing Countries? Retrieved February 13, 2019, from https://elibrary.worldbank.org/action/cookieAbsent

[10] Descheemaeker, K., Amede, T., & Haileslassie, A. (2010, May). Improving water productivity in mixed crop-livestock farming systems of sub-Saharan Africa [Book, pages 579-586]. Retrieved February 13, 2019, from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378377409003424

[11] De Trincheria, J., Dawit, D., Famba, S,. Filho, W., Malesu, M., Mussera, P., Ngigi, S., Niquice, C., Nyawasha, R., Oduor, A., Oguge, N., Oremo, F., Simane, B., Steenbergen, F., Wuta, M. (2017). Best practices on the use of rainwater for off-season small-scale irrigation: Fostering the replication and scaling-up of rainwater harvesting irrigation management in arid and semi-arid areas of sub-Saharan Africa. Retrieved February 13, 2019, from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317065537

[12] Dinham, B. (2003). Growing vegetables in developing countries for local urban populations and export markets: problems confronting small-scale producers. Retrieved February 13, 2019, from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ps.654

[13] Fafchamps, M., Udry, C., & Czukas, K. (1998, April 1). Drought and saving in West Africa: are livestock a buffer stock? [Journal, pages 273-305]. Retrieved February 13, 2019, from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304387898000376

[14] Glover, D., Sumberg, J., & A. Andersson, J. (2016). The adoption problem; or why we still understand so little about technological change in African agriculture [Book, pages 3-6]. Retrieved February 13, 2019, from https://journals.sagepub.com/action/cookieAbsent

[15] Gujba, H., Thorne, S., Mulugetta, Y., Rai, K., & Sokona, Y. (2012, June). Financing low carbon energy access in Africa [Book, pages 71-78]. Retrieved February 13, 2019, from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421512002765

[16] Ivanov, S., Bhargava, K., & Donnelly, W. (2015, July 14). Precision Farming: Sensor Analytics - [Journal]. Retrieved February 13, 2019, from https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/7156034

[17] Kalra, Y. P., & Maynard, D. G. (1991). METHODS MANUAL FOR FOREST SOIL AND PLANT ANALYSIS. Edmonton, Canada: Minister of SUpply and Services Canada. Retrieved February 13, 2019, from http://cfs.nrcan.gc.ca/pubwarehouse/pdfs/11845.pdf

[18] Kamelia, L. (2018). Implementation of Automation System for Humidity Monitoring and Irrigation System. Retrieved February 13, 2019, from https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/288/1/012092/pdf

[19] Kay, R. N. B. (1997, December). Responses of African livestock and wild herbivores to drought [Journal, pages 683-694]. Retrieved February 13, 2019, from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140196397902998
[20] Kizito, F., Campbell, C. S., Campbell, G. S., Cobos, D. R., Teare, B. L., Carter, B., & Hopmans, J. W. (2008, May 15). Frequency, electrical conductivity and temperature analysis of a low-cost capacitance soil moisture sensor [Book, pages 367-378]. Retrieved February 13, 2019, from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022169408000462
[21] Kurukulasuriya, P., & Mendelsohn, R. (2007, July). Endogenous Irrigation: The Impact of Climate Change on Farmers in Africa. Retrieved February 13, 2019, from http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/398301468004476471/pdf/wps4278
[22] Lal, R. (1988). Soil Quality and Agricultural Sustainability. Retrieved February 13, 2019, from https://books.google.nl/books?hl=nl&lr=&id=gyUVt8GphKYC&oi=fnd&pg=PA3&dq=farming+soil+africa&ots=nOHDwB2Mir&sig=V3vGXDyz-s2yPnuyfhvFpdZHy4k#v=onepage&q=farming%20soil%20africa&f=false
[23] Liao, M. C., Cheng, C. L., Liaw, C. H., & Chan, L. M. (2004). Study on Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting System in Existing Building of Taiwan. Retrieved February 13, 2019, from http://www.irbnet.de/daten/iconda/CIB10553.pdf
[24] Muñoz-Carpena, R. (2004, January). Field Devices for Monitoring Soil Water Content. Retrieved February 13, 2019, from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/R_Munoz-Carpena/publication/238619241_Field_Devices_For_Monitoring_Soil_Water_Content1/links/5581630e08aed40dd8ce0f37/Field-Devices-For-Monitoring-Soil-Water-Content1.pdf
[25] Okoruwa, V., Jabbar, M. A., & Akinwumi, J. A. (2016, April 19). Crop-Livestock Competition in the West African Derived Savanna: Application of a Multi-objective Programming Model. Retrieved February 13, 2019, from https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/handle/10919/65734
[26] Pedersen, S. M., Fountas, S., Have, H., & Blackmore, B. S. (2006, July 27). Agricultural robots—system analysis and economic feasibility. Retrieved February 13, 2019, from https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11119-006-9014-9
[27] Pereira, L. S., Oweis, T., & Zairi, A. (2002, December 30). Irrigation management under water scarcity [Book, pages 175-206]. Retrieved February 13, 2019, from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378377402000756
[28] Prudencio, C. Y. (1993, December). Ring management of soils and crops in the west African semi-arid tropics: The case of the mossi farming system in Burkina Faso [Book, pages 237-264]. Retrieved February 13, 2019, from https://ac.els-cdn.com/0167880993901259/1-s2.0-0167880993901259-main.pdf?_tid=ea86c198-9a5e-46a2-9df9-52bd55770e2f
[29] Springer International Publishing AG 2018. W. Leal Filho and J. de Trincheria Gomez (eds.). (2017). Rainwater-Smart Agriculture in Arid and Semi-Arid Areas. Retrieved February 13, 2019, from https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-66239-8_2
[30] Strauch, A. M., Kapust, A. R., & Jost, C. C. (2009, September). Impact of livestock management on water quality and streambank structure in a semi-arid, African ecosystem [Book, pages 795-803]. Retrieved February 13, 2019, from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140196309000962
[31] THE WORLD BANK. (2017, December 2). Agriculture in Africa: Telling Facts from Myths. Retrieved February 13, 2019, from http://www.worldbank.org/en/programs/africa-myths-and-facts
[32] Ummel, K., & Wheeler, D. (2008, December). Desert Power: The Economics of Solar Thermal Electricity for Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East. Retrieved February 13, 2019, from https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1321842

[33] Viscarra Rossel, R. A., Cattle, S. R., Ortega, A., & Fouad, Y. (2009, May 15). In situ measurements of soil colour, mineral composition and clay content by vis-NIR spectroscopy. Retrieved February 13, 2019, from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016706109000408

[34] Wang, H., Wang, T., Zhang, B., Li, F., Toure, B., Omosa, I., . . . Pradhan, M. (2013, September 30). Water and Wastewater Treatment in AFrica- Current Practices and Challenges. Retrieved February 13, 2019, from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/clen.201300208

[35] Widmer, F., Fliessbach, A., Laczkó, E., Schulze-Aurich, J., & Zeyer, J. (2001, June). Assessing soil biological characteristics: a comparison of bulk soil community DNA-, PFLA-, and Biologtm_analyses [Book, pages 1029-1036]. Retrieved February 13, 2019, from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0038071701000062

Scientific papers

The summaries of the scientific papers which have been read can be found here