Firefly Eindhoven - Ground Robots

Software

Every ground robot contains both an Arduino to control the actuators, and a Raspberry Pi for high level control and wireless communication. The code for these devices are in the omnibot-controller and ground-robot repositories respectively.

Hardware

Below are two pictures of the ground robots, the left one being ground robot 2 during it's re-wiring operation and the right picture being ground robot 3.

Introduction

This document describes the build process of ground robot 1, 2 and 3. It mostly considers things that were changed with respect to the first two ground robots. Hardware as well as software changes will be discussed. Pinout tables are provided in case hardware changes or fixes are ever required.

Attention: Always use LiPo alarms when using the ground robots to prevent battery failure!

Robot 1 and 2

General description

The ground robots have a triangular shape and use three omniwheels to move around. The wheels are driven by DC motors, which are controlled by LMD18200-based H-bridge motor controllers. The motor controllers are controlled by an Arduino Uno R3 microcontroller. The motorΓÇÖs motion is fed back to the Arduino using motor encoders. The whole system is powered by a Lithium Polymer (LiPo) battery.

Arduino pin specification

Ground robot 1 and 2 were built around the same time and have identical parts. Their original wiring has been re-done because it was of rather poor quality and required regular fixes. Below is the pin specification for robot 1 and 2. Note that it is different from the pinout configuration of robot 3, since it use different motor drivers which requires an additional pin.

Arduino Uno pin specification for ground robot 1 and 2

Arduino pin	In/Out	Connects to	Comments
2	Output	DIR motor 1
3	Output	PWM motor 1	It is required to use a PWM-enabled Arduino pin
4	Output	DIR motor 2
5	Output	PWM motor 2
6	Output	PWM motor 3
7	Output	DIR motor 3
11	Output	Encoder MOSI	SPI interface
12	Input	Encoder MISO	SPI interface
13	Output	Encoder SCLK	SPI interface
8	Input	SS encoder 1	SS = Slave Select; used to select SPI device on bus
10	Output	SS encoder 2
9	Output	SS encoder 3
ICSP VCC	Output	Encoder VCC	5V
ICSP GND	N/A	Encoder GND
5V	Input	Power	Provided by motor driver regulator (5V@1A) (3x)
GND (2x)	N/A	Power	Common ground pins - connected to all devices
VIN	Input	N/A	Do not use for now - might be bad for Arduino

Hardware verification sketches

Several Arduino sketches were created which can be used to verify that all hardware subsystems work. These are included with this report. A summary of the available tests is provided below.

• encoderTest12.ino is a sketch which can be used to verify that all three encoders are working. Compile the sketch and upload it to the Arduino. Open the serial monitor and verify that the numbers change when the wheels are manually rotated.
• motorTest12.ino runs all motors in a simple pattern (clockwise and anticlockwise) to verify wiring and rotation direction.
• speedTest12.ino runs the motors such that the ground robot moves forward in a straight line. It can be used to assess the maximum speed of the ground robot while moving.

Robot 3

Changes

The build of robot 3 was completed on August 1, 2017. The following things are different with respect to robot 1 and 2:

• The DC gear motors are smaller than those on the first two robots. Consequently, PID gains might have to be re-tuned for optimal/uniform performance across all three robots. Additionally, performance might be different;
• The old LMD18200-based H-bridge motor controllers have been discontinued and have been replaced by a new board which is based on the VNH3SP30 motor driver IC. The latter is much better performance-wise and also has a smaller footprint. One downside is that the VNH3SP30 pin specification is different from the LMD18200 specification - more on this later;
• The encoder boards are different from the old ones, but the communication protocol is the same (SPI), thus no changes are required for this part;
• Motor wires are now routed through ferrite beads to reduce EMI;
• The motor drivers provide a 5V@1A protected & regulated power output, completely eliminating the need for a powerbank to power either the Raspberry Pi or Arduino. Special attention must be paid to wire polarity since the pin header 5V inputs on both the Arduino Uno and Raspberry Pi are not protected against reverse polarity.
• No cluttered wiring and also no electronics on the top plate of the robot, leaving enough room to mount a quadcopter (or similar)

Arduino pin specification

Below is the (new) pin specification for robot 3.

Arduino Uno pin specification for ground robot 3

Arduino pin	In/Out	Connects to	Comments
2	Output	inA motor 1	Motor 1 is closest to the Arduino chip
3	Output	PWM motor 1	It is required to use a PWM-enabled Arduino pin
4	Output	inB motor 1
5	Output	inA motor 2	Motor 2 is closest to the encoder breakout chip stack
6	Output	PWM motor 2
7	Output	inB motor 2
8	Output	inA motor 3
9	Output	PWM motor 3
10	Output	inB motor 3
11	Output	Encoder MOSI	SPI interface
12	Input	Encoder MISO	SPI interface
13	Output	Encoder SCLK	SPI interface
A0 (Analog)	Input	SS encoder 1	SS = Slave Select; used to select SPI device on bus
A1 (Analog)	Output	SS encoder 2
A2 (Analog)	Output	SS encoder 3
ICSP VCC	Output	Encoder VCC	5V
ICSP GND	N/A	Encoder GND
5V	Input	Power	Provided by motor driver regulator (5V@1A) (3x)
GND (2x)	N/A	Power	Common ground pins - connected to all devices
VIN	Input	N/A	Do not use for now - might be bad for Arduino

Motor control

As mentioned before, the pins on the new motor drivers do not match the old ones. The old motor drivers used a dir pin to control direction - pulling it LOW or setting it HIGH makes it rotate either clockwise or counterclockwise. The new driver uses two pins to reach the same goal:

• when inA and inB have equal values (either LOW or HIGH), the motor stops;
• when inA is HIGH and inB is LOW, the motors rotate anticlockwise;
• when this is reversed (inA = LOW, inB = HIGH), the motors rotate in clockwise direction.

Motor speed is controlled by setting the PWM values PWM1, PWM2 and PWM3. The chosen value should be between 0 and 255, 255 being top speed.

Reading encoders

The encoders communicate to the Arduino device using an SPI communications bus. Each of the three encoder boards has its own SS (Slave Select) wire which is used to select the specific device. A device is selected when the corresponding SS pin is pulled LOW (while the others are HIGH).

The functions that are used in the robot Arduino software are the same as those provided by SuperDroidRobots, the boardΓÇÖs manufacturer. The important ones will be explained below:

• initEncoders() is used to initialize the encoders and configure the output data dimensions. This function is called in the Arduino setup() function.
• clearEncoderCount() is used to clear the current encoder count and reset it to 0. This function is called in the Arduino setup() function.
• readEncoder(int encoder) is used to read an encoder value at a specific point in time. It is used throughout the Arduino loop().

One full wheel rotation equals 2000 encoder steps. Rotating the wheels clockwise results in an increase of the encoder count, whereas rotating the wheels anticlockwise results in a decrease of the encoder count.

Hardware verification sketches

Hardware verification sketches are also available for robot 3. They are very similar to the ones as provided for robot and 1 and 2, except for the fact that pinouts have changed and motors are controlled in a slightly different fashion. The sketches are named encoderTest3.ino, motorTest3.ino and speedTest3.ino. Refer to Section 2.3 for accurate descriptions of these sketches.