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Companies that are not active in the logging or agriculture sector can set up these kinds of programs to boost their image. | Companies that are not active in the logging or agriculture sector can set up these kinds of programs to boost their image. | ||
=== Government === | === Government === | ||
Revision as of 08:50, 30 April 2018
Group members
- David van den Beld, 1001770
- Gerben Erens, 0997906
- Luc Kleinman, 1008097
- Maikel Morren, 1002099
- Adine van Wier, 0999813
Project
Project Statement
The problem of deforestation is one of tremendous scale, and therefore exploration of multiple solutions to it is a necessity. Combatting deforestation can be done in 2 ways, either by reduction of the amount of trees being chopped down, or by increasing the amount of new trees being grown. As the latter is the one which is most likely to be achievable by means of technology than the first, our focus will be on increasing the amount of new trees being grow. This project investigates whether the robotics could be used to effectively to this extend. To accomplish this we envision a robotic vehicle which at least the following 3 technological aspects:
I. A way to check whether or not the soil is fertile, and thus fit to plant a new forest.
II. A device capable of planting the seeds deep enough in the ground to ensure good growing chances for the seed.
III. A way to transport itself around, which will most likely result in wheels, as this is the most achievable option within this course.
This envisioned robot leads to the first and main objective of this project: a prototype. This prototype will feature the before mentioned technological aspects, with the main focus being on aspects I and II, as these are technologies more specific to our envisioned robot. Beyond this, we aim to make a model based around the physics working on the robot, which can help us gain more theoretical insight in the working of the robot. Whilst doing this, we want to do research considering this robots influence on society, and how society can stimulate the development of this technology, considering both society as a whole, and the governments influence separately. Also, the relation between this product and the enterprises interested in it has to be research, as most of the technology will have to come from them, and they might be a big investor.
Planning
Below follows the planning for the project for the upcoming 9 weeks constituting the course 0LAUK0 Project: Robots Everywhere
| Week number | Task | Person* |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | ||
| Choose definitive subject | Collaborative effort of all members | |
| Define problem statement and objectives | David | |
| Define users | Adine | |
| Obtain user requirements | Gerben | |
| Work out typical use cases | Luc | |
| Define the milestones and deliverables | Maikel | |
| Define the approach of the problem | Collaborative effort of all members | |
Search for relevant state-of-the-art (SotA) sources, categories:
|
All divided into the subcategories:
| |
| Make project planning | Collaborative effort of all members | |
| 2 | ||
| Review user requirements and use cases | Collaborative effort of all members | |
| Finish collecting SotA articles and write SotA section | Each member for their respective subcategory | |
| Compile list of potential robot designs | Collaborative effort of all members | |
| Make some concept design sketches | Maikel | |
| Make a preliminary list of required parts | Gerben | |
| Define embedded software environment | Luc | |
| Preliminary elimination session for designs based on user requirements | Adine | |
| Start compiling list of design preferences/requirements/constraints | David | |
| 3 | ||
| Finish list of preferences/requirements/constraints | Adine | |
| Further eliminate designs due to constraints | Collaborative effort of all members | |
| Rank remaining designs and select a winner | Collaborative effort of all members | |
| Develop a building plan/schemata for the winner design | Gerben, Luc | |
| Start acquiring physical quantities for modelling design | Maikel, David | |
| Start with a simple model of some system parameters | Maikel, David | |
| 4 | ||
| Commence robot assembly according to highest priority of building schemata | Gerben, David | |
| Continue modelling/simulating | Maikel | |
| Start coding robot functionalities | Luc | |
| Catch up on documenting the wiki | Adine | |
| 5 | ||
| Continue robot assembly and coding | Gerben, David, Luc | |
| Continue modelling/simulating | Maikel | |
| Catch up on documenting the wiki | Collaborative effort of all members | |
| 6 | ||
| Continue robot assembly and coding | Gerben, Luc | |
| Test the first (few) finished sub-system(s) of the robot. | Collaborative effort of all members | |
| Finish modelling/simulating | Maikel, David | |
| Finish catching up on documenting the wiki | Collaborative effort of all members | |
| 7 | ||
| Finish robot assembly | Gerben | |
| Make concept designs for possible modules | Luc | |
| Make a draft for final presentation | Maikel, David, Adine | |
| Test the first (few) finished sub-system(s) of the robot. | Collaborative effort of all members | |
| 8 | ||
| Buffer time | Collaborative effort of all members | |
| Finish final presentation | Maikel, David, Adine | |
| Complete wiki | Gerben, Luc |
* The current division of task is a rough estimate for the next 7 weeks. New tasks may pop up or task division may be rotated, and is hence subject to change during the progress of the course.
Approach
The problem will be approached by a design question. What is the best design for a robot to combat deforestation which will be build modular so that it can be implemented for other purposes with minor changes. The first 2 weeks the approach will primarily be sequential, as user analysis, use cases and requirements/preferences/constraints need to be done sequentially before the rest of the project can start. Once this is over, the project will run in a parallel fashion where building and modelling will happen simultaneously.
Milestones and Deliverables
| Date | Accomplished |
|---|---|
| 30-04-2018 | SotA research done |
| 03-05-2018 | User analysis/use cases done |
| 07-05-2018 | Have a partially eliminated list of designs |
| 10-05-2018 | Pick final “winner” design |
| 21-05-2018 | Have the first working subsystem |
| 25-05-2018 | Finish modelling |
| 31-05-2018 | Have an operational prototype running with at least 2 subsystems |
| 07-06-2018 | Made several concepts for modules |
| 11-06-2018 | Presentation is finished |
| 14-06-2018 | Wiki is completely updated |
Literature Review
The literature review was divided into 5 subcategories, the results of which will be extended below.
Modularity
Modular robotics is a useful tool in the design of robots for in-field applications, as building a functional specialised robot from scratch is a time-consuming and cost-intensive process. If a modular design approach is taken, the costs of designing a robot could be severely reduced as one general robotic platform with some general functionalities would serve as the starting point, upon which modules can be placed to give the end-product the desired capabilities. A drawback of this modular design method, however, is that the design space will expand explosively due to the seemingly limitless possible configurations the robot could have [1]. However, this design space can be brought to proportions by severely reducing it, by placing the constraints which arise from the task to be completed by the robot onto the possible configurations [1]. By doing so any and all designs with but a singular deviation which would compromise the execution of the task are immediately discarded in the earlier stages of development.
Some examples of robots which implemented a modular design and with similar environmental working conditions as our to-be-designed seeding robot include the Small Robotic Farm Vehicle [2], the 4-wheel steering weed detection robot of Bak and Jakobsen [3], the Amphibious Locomotion Robot of Li, Urbina, Zhang and Gomez [4] and the Reconfigurable Integrated Multi-Robot Exploration System (RIMRES) [5]. These robots have in common that they are mostly based on a singular platform, suspended by wheels for locomotion, upon which several modules (e.g. sensors, mechatronic arms, pay-loads, other deployable robots, etc.) can be placed to increase functionality.
A special class of modular robots are the so-called self-reconfigurable modular robots which can change their shape to comply with dynamic environmental constraints and task requirements. Some examples of these self-reconfigurable robots include the I(CES) cubes [6], M-TRAN [7], ATRON [8], Modular Robot for Exploration and Discovery (ModRED) [9], Polybot [10]. Albeit this is an interesting topic of research, for our problem at hand it will not be a feasible solution, since most of these systems are on a mesoscale application, whereas the to-be-designed deforestation robot will be a macroscale prototype.
(Semi)-Autonomous Cars
The patent on remote control systems granted to Mitsubishi Electric Crop. By the US government. This document is a thorough description of how remote control systems work, listing the necessary parts with the movement detector sensor, transmitter, receiver and a potential display device being the main important ones. (Hashimoto et al., 1996) [11]
In this article Elon Musk describes his vision for the autonomous car in 2016, even though this year has already passed, it still shows the vision of one of the main developers of autonomous cars. Elon Musk describes certain aspects of autonomous cars, like the mileage on one charge and the way current non-autonomous cars can be turned into autonomous cars by using a software update only. (Kessler, 2015) [12]
To get our car driving smoothly, we will probably utilize a remote control, meaning that it will be very closely related to a remote controlled toy car, to which this doc. is the current active patent. It shows the state of the art radio controlled toy car technology currently available. (Matsushiro, 1984) [13]
One aspect of the autonomous cars is the intelligent pathing. Using communication with other vehicles, a map of dense traffic places can be made, resulting in an optimal route for the car to take. Obstacles are also communicated between different vehicles. (Bagloee, 2016) [14]
A guide to help us control a servo motor with our computer, as a servo motor is the most likely option if we want our car to drive without outside help. It shows how to program and control a servo motor and how to implement one in the electronic circuit. [15]
A short article on the workings of servo motors, the main two interesting reads are the control of the servo and the different types, as we will have to choose one if we opt to use servo’s to drive our car around. (Jameco Electronics, )[16]
Even though this site is a webshop, and not a scientific article, it shows what technology we can buy within a respectable price range and thus shows what we do not need to make ourselves. Before we start thinking about how to make a part of our robot, lets first check what this shop has got. [17]
Sensors for prospecting/evaluating ground
Evaluating the soil the robot is on can be the defining factor whether it is worth it to plant new seeds in the ground, since an infertile soil will not create a new healthy forest. The design of the robot would benefit from such sensors, since it can utilize this information to determine where to plant the seeds.
Currently the soil can be read with a multitude of sensors. The most simple, but ineffective for our robot, sensor would be to use a simple plant[18] and determine whether the plant shows sufficient growth. A lot of information can be obtained from the plant, like the salinity, nutrients and available soil moisture.
This is however very inefficient and not desirable for our robot. An alternative would be to use moisture sensors[19] to determine the amount of water in the ground, since water is a critical component for a plant to grow. Further sensors include NIR reflectance sensors. These sensors can accurately measure the organic matter within the soil. This leads to an accurate picture whether the soil is fertile enough to plant seeds.
Vis-NIR sensors can also determine the amount of nitrogen and moisture in the soil. Which leads to an even more complete picture of the soil.
Humidity in the air can also help determine whether the area is suitable. An RH sensor[20] based on a Bragg grating can determine the relative humidity accurately. The optical fiber used to determine this can also house temperature, pH, pressure and more sensors. This results in a quite complete picture of the environment above the soil and can help determine the suitability for planting the seeds.
The robot can also be used in predetermined areas. Forest fires[21], for example, increase the nitrogen in the soil and in most cases the amount of carbon is also increased. This results in a soil that is suitable and fertile enough to deploy our robot on.
Drilling/plowing/seeding mechanism
A thing to keep in mind is the cost-effectiveness of the planting method. this article analyses the usage of an auger against the usage of spades.[22] While the article concludes that spades are more cost-efficient, the easier development and the lower priority of manhours would still make the auger a better option for this project.
This article shows how direct seeding is viable and what parameters have effect.[23] Using the appropriate sensors to measure these parameters would greatly benefit the project.
A kinematic analyses of an auger system[24] can be of great help when developing the seeding system for this project.
Development of a mobile powered hole digger for orchard tree cultivation using a slider-crank feed mechanism[25] gives another example of the design of an auger design, which doesn't straight up work for this case but gives some insights and can be used in this design.
An auger experiences certain loads during drilling. A mechanical analysis of the auger[26] could help in selecting the right parts for the job. This analysis has been done for bigger scale work on the moon, but is still relevant due to the use of variables which can be evaluated for their earth counterpart.
Current deforestation and combat methods
Deforestation is clearing Earth’s forests on a massive scale, often resulting in damage to the quality of land. The world’s rain forests could completely vanish in a hundred years at current rate of deforestation. Consequences of deforestation are the loss of habitat for millions of species and climate changes. The most feasible solution to deforestation is to carefully manage forest resources by eliminating clear-cutting to make sure forest environments remain intact. The cutting that does occur should be balanced by planting young trees to replace older trees felled. The number of new tree plantations is growing each year, but their total still equals a tiny fraction of the Earth’s forested land. (Geographic, 2015) [27]
Rehabilitation of deforestation areas can have different steps. It can include anti-erosion works, projects for slope formation and protection and reforestation. The prototype will focus on reforestation. The forest service takes into account the type of vegetation that has been burned, the success potential of natural regeneration of trees and the general conditions, and, accordingly, shall proceed, or not, to artificial reforestation of burnt areas using native species. The purpose of reforestation is the creation of new forests, the renewal of mature forests and the recovery of degraded forest ecosystems while ensuring natural regeneration or artificial intervention (seeding or planting) for production purposes and the protection of soils. The cost of reforestation in the last 8 years was enormous due to many manhours. (Christopoulou, 2011) [28]
This website reviews many different ways for reforestation. Almost all methods are based on man work, people are physically present and are planting the seeds themselves: direct seeding. One method that is currently used that does not involve a person physically being where the seed is planted is called aerial seeding. This method plants new seeds using planes and helicopters. This method is much more efficient than being physically present on the ground but is generally outside the budget of most reforestation projects. (David, 2015)[29]
Seeds of different species have different optimal depths for sowing, with some growing best if they are buried a few inches deep in the soil, while others, including many grasses and herbs, need exposure to light to germinate and so need to be on the surface. A rule of thumb when growing vegetables and grains is to sow the seed at a depth of one to two times the width of the seed. If seeds of one species, or a mixture of seeds of different species with different needs are randomly mixed in a larger seed ball, at least some of the seeds should be in the optimal position for germination. This optimizes reforestation. (Goosem & Tucker, 2013)[30]
USE aspects
Society
Much influence from the prototype will be noticed by society. Deforestation is an international problem with huge and devastating consequences which includes but not limits to soil erosion, water cycle disruption and greenhouse gas emissions (Cook, 2018)[31]. This results in a loss of biodiversity and will also influence human lives. Greenhouse gas emissions for example contributes to global climate changes. Deforestation thus has great influences on the society in ways that cannot be imagined. When no actions are taken against deforestation, the problems arising are getting bigger and bigger with the years. The society is currently looking for solutions to these problems. The prototype is created to combat deforestation and therefore the consequences of deforestation. If deforestation is reduced, the society will benefit from this since the prototype makes reforestation much easier and cheaper. It is more efficient than current ways of reforestation and is therefore a better solution to decrease the consequences of deforestation.
Users
Apart from the society, which will mostly be influenced by our prototype. Users is another group to consider. Users can be divided into three groups: primarily users, secondary users and tertiarily users. Primary users are those persons who actually use the artifact; secondary users are those who will occasionally use the artifact or those who use it through an intermediary; and tertiary users are persons who will be affected by the use of the artifact or make decisions about its purchase (Abras, Maloney-Krichmar, & Preece, 2004)[32]. The primary users of our prototype will be foresters. Foresters are going to use the prototype to combat deforestation and the prototype helps them to plant more seeds in less time compared to planting them with no help of smart technology. Next to the foresters other users will be influenced by the technology as well. Secondary users are companies that are involved in the maintenance and production of the prototype and the government, more details on this can be read in the enterprise and government section. Tertiary users of the prototype are in principle all living residents of the world. The consequences of deforestation will eventually influence everybody and the prototype will decrease these consequences and thus each living individual will benefit from the prototype.
Enterprise
Enterprise would benefit from these robots since there are no major negative consequences for utilizing the robot. The robot is not labour intensive and can operate autonomous. Besides the actual affect the robot can have on reforestation and restoring devastated areas. Other solution might be more expensive, and might not be cost-effective compared to the fines they can face when not replanting the devastated areas.
It is also a major factor for the company image. It is almost free advertising, since being green is rising in popularity for the consumers. Logging companies, for example, can create a green image while still being able to perform their operations in a sustainable way. Other solution might be more expensive, and might not be cost-effective compared to the fines they can face when not replanting the devastated areas.
Companies that are not active in the logging or agriculture sector can set up these kinds of programs to boost their image.
Government
The government is obliged to protect their citizens, so investing in these robots and utilizing them is beneficial for them since they help alleviate a problem future generations will come in contact with. It is a solution that will help the sustainability for future generations. While they might not directly be involved, subsidy can be an incentive for both enterprise as NGOs to deploy these robots in various location and situations.
Besides the actual impact the robot can have, it also has the same indirect benefits as enterprise. It is a great image boost for the government. A green campaign will most likely have a positive effect on the opinion of the current ruling party.
User Requirements
Primary Users
- The technology needs to be easy to use by people who are not tech savvy
- The technology needs to have little to no necessary training
- The technology needs to be either faster or longer sustainable than current forestation methods
- The technology needs to be harmless to existing forestation
Secondary Users
- The technology needs to be able to rival current technologies in price
- The technology needs to be easily maintainable
Tertiary Users
- The technology needs to have a net positive influence on the environment
Bibliography
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Farritor, S. & Dubowsky, S.. Autonomous Robots (2001) Volume 10, pp57-65. “On Modular Design of Field Robotic Systems”. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026596403167
- ↑ Bawden, O., Ball, D., Kulk, J., Perez, T., & Russell, R.. Australian Conference on Robotics and Automation (2014). “A lightweight, modular robotic vehicle for the sustainable intensification of agriculture.”
- ↑ Bak, T., & Jakobsen, H.. Biosystems Engineering (2004), Volume 87, pp 125-136. "Agricultural robotic platform with four wheel steering for weed detection.". https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2003.10.009
- ↑ Li, G., Urbina, R., Zhang, H., & Gomez, J. G.. International Conference on Advanced Mechatronic Systems (ICAMechS) (2017), pp 145-150. “Concept design and simulation of a water proofing modular robot for amphibious locomotion.”. IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICAMechS.2017.8316566
- ↑ Cordes, F., Bindel, D., Lange, C., & Kirchner, F.. Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium on Artificial Intelligence, Robotics and Automation in Space (iSAIRAS’10) (2010), pp. 38-45. “Towards a modular reconfigurable heterogenous multi-robot exploration system.”
- ↑ Unsal, C., Kiliccote, H., & Khosla, P. K. (1999, August). “I (CES)-cubes: a modular self-reconfigurable bipartite robotic system.”. In Sensor Fusion and Decentralized Control in Robotic Systems II (Vol. 3839, pp. 258-270). International Society for Optics and Photonics. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.360346
- ↑ Murata, S., Yoshida, E., Kamimura, A., Kurokawa, H., Tomita, K., & Kokaji, S. (2002). “M-TRAN: Self-reconfigurable modular robotic system.” IEEE/ASME transactions on mechatronics, Volume 7, pp431-441. https://doi.org/10.1109/TMECH.2002.806220
- ↑ Jorgensen, M. W., Ostergaard, E. H., & Lund, H. H. (2004, September). “Modular ATRON: Modules for a self-reconfigurable robot.”. Intelligent Robots and Systems, 2004.(IROS 2004). Proceedings. 2004 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on (Vol. 2, pp. 2068-2073). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/IROS.2004.1389702
- ↑ Baca, J., Hossain, S. G. M., Dasgupta, P., Nelson, C. A., & Dutta, A. (2014). “Modred: Hardware design and reconfiguration planning for a high dexterity modular self-reconfigurable robot for extra-terrestrial exploration.” Robotics and Autonomous Systems, Volume 62, pp 1002-1015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.robot.2013.08.008
- ↑ Yim, M., Roufas, K., Duff, D., Zhang, Y., Eldershaw, C., & Homans, S. (2003). “Modular reconfigurable robots in space applications.”. Autonomous Robots, Volume 14, pp 225-237. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022287820808
- ↑ Hashimoto et al. (1996). United States Patent 5554980 Retrieved from: https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/eb/4b/ce/ba560b94ae5c1a/US5554980.pdf
- ↑ Kessler, A.M. (2015) Elon Musk Says Self-Driving Tesla Cars Will Be in the U.S. by Summer, Retrieved from: http://www.oharas.com/ET/elonmusk.pdf
- ↑ Matsushiro. (1984). United States Patent 4457101 Retrieved from: https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/14/b4/e5/e0e06d46e4cf44/US4457101.pdf
- ↑ Bagloee, S.A. et al. (2016). Autonomous vehicles: challenges, oppurtunities and future implications for transportation policies. Journal of Modern Transportation, Vol 24, Issue 4, page 283-303 section 6 Retrieved from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs40534-016-0117-3
- ↑ http://www.instructables.com/id/How-to-Dynamically-control-a-servo-or-motor-throug/
- ↑ Jameco Electronics, Retrieved from: https://www.jameco.com/jameco/workshop/howitworks/how-servo-motors-work.html
- ↑ https://www.tinytronics.nl/shop/nl
- ↑ Edward M. Barnes, Kenneth A. Sudduth, John W. Hummel, Scott M. Lesch, Dennis L. Corwin, Chenghai Yang, Craig S.T. Daughtry, and Walter C. Bausch, “Remote- and Ground-Based Sensor Techniques to Map Soil Properties”, http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/asprs/pers/2003/00000069/00000006/art00002#
- ↑ Boyan Kuang, “On-line Measurement of Some Selected Soil Properties for Controlled Input Crop Management Systems” (2012), https://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/1826/7939/Boyan_Kuang_Thesis_2012.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
- ↑ Sandra F. H. Correia, Paulo Antunes, Edison Pecoraro, Patrícia P. Lima, Humberto Varum, Luis D. Carlos, Rute A. S. Ferreira, and Paulo S. André, “Optical Fiber Relative Humidity Sensor Based on a FBG with a Di-Ureasil Coating” (2012), http://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/12/7/8847
- ↑ L.M. Zavara, R. De Celis, A. Jordán, “How wildfires affect soil properties. A brief review”(2014), https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/4847440.pdf
- ↑ Preece, N. D., van Oosterzee, P., & Lawes, M. J. (2013). Planting methods matter for cost-effective rainforest restoration. Ecological Management and Restoration, 14(1), 63-66. doi:10.1111/emr.12017
- ↑ Atondo-Bueno, E. J., López-Barrera, F., Bonilla-Moheno, M., Williams-Linera, G., & Ramírez-Marcial, N. (2016). Direct seeding of oreomunnea mexicana, a threatened tree species from southeastern mexico. New Forests, 47(6), 845-860. doi:10.1007/s11056-016-9548-2
- ↑ Bogdanof, G. C., Moise, V., Visan, A. L., & Ciobanu, G. V. (2017). Kinematic analysis of soil drilling mechanism used in afforestation. Paper presented at the Engineering for Rural Development, , 16 653-658. doi:10.22616/ERDev2017.16.N131 Retrieved from www.scopus.com
- ↑ Zong, W. Y., Wang, J. L., Huang, X. M., Yu, D., Zhao, Y. B., & Graham, S. (2016). Development of a mobile powered hole digger for orchard tree cultivation using a slider-crank feed mechanism. International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, 9(3), 48-56. doi:10.3965/j.ijabe.20160903.1784
- ↑ Cheng, Wei & Wang, Hongliu & Liu, Tianxi. (2013). Mechanical model of hollow-external-screw drill rod for lunar soil particle vertical conveying. IEEE International Conference on Control and Automation, ICCA. 1240-1245. 10.1109/ICCA.2013.6565063.
- ↑ Geographic, N. (2015, April). Deforestation. Retrieved from National Geographic: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/global-warming/deforestation/
- ↑ Christopoulou, O. (2011). Deforestation/ reforestation in Mediterranean Europe: The Case of Greece. Soil Erosion Studies, 3-30.
- ↑ David. (2015, January ). Reforestation Methods Reforestation Projects. Retrieved from Reforestation: https://reforestation.me/reforestation-methods/
- ↑ Goosem, S., & Tucker, N. (2013). Repairing the Rainforest . Cairns: Wet Tropics Management Authority and Biotropica Australia Pty.
- ↑ Cook, M. (2018, April 19). Four consequences of Deforestation. retrieved from Sciencing: https://sciencing.com/four-consequences-deforestation-7622.html
- ↑ Abras, C., Maloney-Krichmar, D., & Preece, J. (2004). User-Centered Design. Encyclopedia of Human-Computer Interaction, 1-10.