Sources general subject

Auto-Selection Of Package Delivery Location Based On Estimated Time Of Delivery
Drone shipping versus truck delivery in a cross-docking system with multiple fleets and products
Robotic Aerial Vehicle Delivery System and Method
Drone delivery models for healthcare
Multi-Agent Path Finding with Payload Transfers and the Package-Exchange Robot-Routing Problem
Parcel delivery in an urban environment using unmanned aerial systems: a vision paper
The Sky’s (Not) the Limit - Influence of Expertise and Privacy Disposition on the Use of Multicopters
Post-Production Analysis Approach for drone delivery fleet
A multi-objective green UAV routing problem
The Vehicle Routing Problem with Drones: Extended Models and Connections
Logistics support for a delivery drone fleet
A cost-optimization model in multi-agent system routing for drone delivery

The regulation of civilian drones impacts on behavioral privacy Clarke, R. “The regulation of civilian drones impacts on behavioral privacy”, Elsevier (2014). https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/computer-law-and-security-review

Summary

The article explain that there are different forms of privacy and the part that surveillance drones play in invading this privacy. In the next section of the article explicit ways and problems are discussed about the surveillance of the drones, e.g. discrimination, oppressed and paranoid feelings. The main conclusion of this part is that there is a negative psychological impact on individuals and at social and economic level of groups in society. In the fourth part the article explains the way drones are regulated right now. It explains multiple ways to regulate drone usage and concludes that some ways, like soft regulatory forms, are not satisfactory. Other forms need some changes to be able to implemented in a society. The article continues with discussing human right laws and privacy laws and their importance in the context of surveillance drones. The articles importance for our project would be that we could use the views of different stakeholders discussed in the article and take them into account in our setup. The social impact on people with the usage of drones could influence the way our setup is made. Furthermore the regulatory forms discussed show us multiple things to think about in our setup. As well as the laws that our setup should comply to.

Understanding security threats in consumer drones through the lens of discovery quadcopter family Valente, J., Gardenas, A.A., “Understanding security threats in consumer drones through the lens of the discovery quadcopter family” 1st Workshop on Internet of Things Security and Privacy, IoT S and P 201717; Dallas; United States; 3 November 2017 through; Pages 31-36. https://www.scopus.com/record/display.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85037170675&origin=resultslist&sort=plf-f&src=s&st1=Drone+AND+privacy&st2=&sid=c5f18c4f77c303d21946d6694dba2da1&sot=b&sdt=b&sl=32&s=TITLE-ABS-KEY%28Drone+AND+privacy%29&relpos=10&citeCnt=0&searchTerm=

Summary

The paper addresses privacy, security and safety issues of using drones, and the paper recommend basic steps to solve these issues. The article focusses on the drone technology and how to take over drones. This isn’t useful for our project. What is important for our project is the following paragraph. The article states the general concerns that people have with consumers drones, but also delivery drones. These are the privacy that the drones can fly over your piece of land, make videos/photo’s without you even seeing the drone. There are security concerns, the drones can stop work and fall down, not everyone is capable of correctly handling a drone. Most people won’ t misuse the drones, however the article states that most drone types are easily hackable and give multiple examples how. Sometimes only Wi-Fi connection and using the app, easily obtainable from the appstore of google play, can be used to take over the drone. The hackers get complete access to the movememt and camera of the drone. And can use them to take pictures, and crash it into places they want. Drones can also get to places where the operator wouldn’t be able to see before. Therefore new restriction for drones need to be thought of. The idea was to restrict the drone from getting to certain GPS locations, but with hacks this was easily avoided. The key conclusions of the article is basically that the security of consumer drones need to be improved significantly. More specific conclusions for the system are listed here:

Securing drone access point with a strong password, and WPA2. Limiting the number of devices allowed to connect to the accesspoint. Also, enforcing user authentication, and denying income and outgoing traffic from and to unauthorized devices. Disabling ftp and telnet.We found that none of these services are needed for the normal operation of the Discovery drones. But if there must be an anonymous ftp user, then the device should not allow read and write access to the entire root directory. Sending network packets between app and drone over a secure channel. Upgrading the software running in the device. The Discovery quadcopters (released in 2016) use BusyBox 1.20.2 which was released in 2012. Since then, there has been 18 software updates to BusyBox, and these devices may be vulnerable to other known BusyBox vulnerabilities [4]. (Unfortunately, it is not possible for users to update the firmware in Discovery drones).

Drone-Aided Healthcare Services for Patients with Chronic diseases in Rural Areas Kim, S.J., Lim, G.J., Cho, J., Côte, M.J. “Drone-Aided Healthcare Services for Patients with Chronic diseases in Rural Areas” Journal of Intelligent and Robotic Systems: Theory and Applications Volume 88, Issue 1, 1 October 2017, Pages 163-180. https://www.scopus.com/record/display.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85017116386&origin=resultslist&sort=plf-f&src=s&st1=Drones++AND+deliver&st2=&sid=dfd90f7a89df9f7bf81cbae63504aeef&sot=b&sdt=b&sl=34&s=TITLE-ABS-KEY%28Drones++AND+deliver%29&relpos=5&citeCnt=1&searchTerm=

Summary

Rural areas generally have less facilities then urban areas. For people with chronic diseases in rural areas it can be time consuming and costly to travel to hospitals every day or week for treatment and check-ups. The same can be said for the professionals that travel from home to home to give adequate home treatment. Drones give a good perspective for a solution on this problem, since the drones can deliver checkup kits, medication and more to hospitals and homes. Saving a lot of time and money for hospitals and patients. Furthermore, the professionals have more time for treatments were they actually have to be there, increasing the satisfaction of patient and the professionals themselves. The article contributes these points to the already existing literature:

Proposes a concept for drone-aided healthcare delivery and pick-up system in rural area Model with two steps Strategic planning to optimally decide drone centers Operational planning for optimal drone flight Tool to analyse cost-benefit Provide an algorithm to solve proposed models For the model and cost-benefit analysis could be useful to use in our own setup. However, the useful parts of the model would be the results and less the algorithm that the writer made.

Can unmanned aerial systems (drones) be used for the routine transport of chemistry, hematology, and coagulation laboratory specimens? Amukele, T. K., Sokoll, L. J., Pepper, D., Howard, D. P., & Street, J. (2015). Can unmanned aerial systems (drones) be used for the routine transport of chemistry, hematology, and coagulation laboratory specimens?. PLoS One, 10(7), e0134020.’’ http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0134020

Summary

The article is about an experiment in which they tested the effects of transporting certain samples that can be used for scientific purposes. 336 Paired samples were tested in this experiment. One half was transported for a variable time with an unmanned aerial system, the other half stayed where it was. After the transport, both parts of every sample where tested with 33 different tests. The outcome was that transporting samples with those systems doesn’t affect the samples. This means that unmanned aerial systems can be used for routine transport of chemistry, hermatology and coagulation laboratory specimens.

Autonomous Aerial Cargo/Utility system Paduano, J. D., Wissler, J. B., Piedmonte, M. D., & Mindell, D. A. (2017). U.S. Patent No. 9,557,742. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/42/dc/94/46e337c04ce7ea/US9557742.pdf

Summary

The article is about an invention of an Autonomous Aerial Cargo/Utility system. The system should be able to communicate and get orders to do certain tasks. It should also be able to navigate and touch down on the right place by using sensors and by following up the given orders. Sometimes the system can get different kinds of orders for the route, like a launch route, an approach route and a flight route. The system should see how high it is flying, see where it is, detect light and it should be able to contact via radio signals with an supervisory control system.

The economic and operational value of using drones to transport vaccines Haidari, L. A., Brown, S. T., Ferguson, M., Bancroft, E., Spiker, M., Wilcox, A., ... & Lee, B. Y. (2016). The economic and operational value of using drones to transport vaccines. Vaccine, 34(34), 4062-4067. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264410X16304352

Summary

In poor countries, it is difficult for the people to get vaccines. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) can be the solution to this problem. An experiment is done in which the transport with UAVs is tested on transporting vaccines through different circumstances and on the costs of it relative to the traditional multi-tiered land transport system. The experiment was done with help of the HERMES-generated simulation model. The result is that UAVs are suitable for transporting vaccines, but it has to happen on a large scale to overcome the costs of installing the system.

Drone transport of microbes in blood and sputum laboratory specimens Amukele, T. K., Street, J., Carroll, K., Miller, H., & Zhang, S. X. (2016). Drone transport of microbes in blood and sputum laboratory specimens. Journal of clinical microbiology, 54(10), 2622-2625. http://jcm.asm.org/content/54/10/2622.full

Summary

When fighting big epedimias, like ebola, in poor countries it is difficult to transport medicines because of the bad infrastructure. An solution to this problem can be Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). The problems with UAVs are the forces working on the medicine samples in the vehicle. In this article a test is done on the effects of these forces on the medicine samples. The samples were flown in the UAVs for approximately 30 minutes and then tested. None of the tested properties seemed to be changed after the flight. This means that for the organisms tested UAVs are a good solution, however other organisms, circumstances and samples should still be tested. This can be done the same way as the experiment of this article.

Privacy and drones: Unmanned aerial vehicles Cavoukian, A. (2012). Privacy and drones: Unmanned aerial vehicles (pp. 1-30). Ontario, Canada: Information and Privacy Commissioner of Ontario, Canada. https://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/lbrr/archives/cnmcs-plcng/cn29822-eng.pdf

Summary

It is likely that Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are going to be used more often. A huge disadvantage of UAVs is that they can fly everywhere and thus violate the privacy. This problem can be solved by determining how much privacy may be violated and by continue checking if this limit is not exceeded. It is also needed that UAV-using organisations have restrictions on what they can do with the UAVs and how much information the can collect. Another measure could be to design the UAVs in a way, that they can’t violate privacy.

Civilian drones, privacy, and the federal-state balance Bennett, W. C. (2014). Civilian drones, privacy, and the federal-state balance. Center for Technology Innovation at Brookings. https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/civilian_drones_privacy_bennett_NEW.pdf

Summary

Because remotely controlled flying robots are getting cheaper and more suitable for transportation purposes, we are going to see them more. Those robots are able to go where other vehicles can’t go and observe things humans can’t observe. In that way those robots can violate our privacy. There are a few problems for the government to make a law for this, because we don’t know how drones will be in a few years from now. The development of drones in cooperation with the government could lead to drones that won’t be able to violate too much of our privacy. A downside is that this new style of developing will take a while before it is entered.

A cost-benefit analysis of Amazon Prime Air Welch, Adrienne (2015). "A cost-benefit analysis of Amazon Prime Air". University of Tennessee at Chattanooga. add link kobus

Summary

Amazon is looking to employ drones for package delivery. Amazon offers products at prices consistently lower than traditional retailers. Amazon has also an advantage over other online retailers in the speed at which the company can send a package out for delivery. The current speed in package handling is made possible by 89 fulfillment centers around the world equipped with Kiva robots. By handling the deliveries themselves, Amazon eliminates the middle man between them and their customers saving considerable amounts of money. Drones could reduce labor costs, increase efficiency and reduce errors. In the paper titled, “Analysis of Unmanned Aircraft Systems and Application in the Civil Field”, Kharchenko and Prusov consider the various uses for drones, breaking them down into three groups: safety control, scientific research, and commercial. Kharchenko and Prusov specify the following requirements needed in the structure of an Unmanned Aviation Complex (UAC) or drone station:

the unmanned aircraft itself. control stations (management) of unmanned aircraft and antennas system. software and systems of on-board monitoring of the unmanned aircraft. communication means (earth/air and air/earth) for air traffic control and unmanned aircraft payload. terminals of data processing. landing system.

launch system and systems of the flight refreshment. maintenance equipment and the support of unmanned aircraft and its systems. systems of storage and transportation of unmanned aircraft complex. As drones become more and more popular the airspace could get crowded and the allocation of frequency range for UV’s. Tatham compares the costs of operating a fixed-wing light aircraft, helicopters, and UAVs and finds that UAVs are less expensive to obtain and operate by looking at capital cost, operating speed, and mission cost. The downsides to using drones is that they could invade people’s privacy and that people could try to steal the packages in transit. It is important to note that Amazon will set up this system only in areas where the system would be efficient and profitable. Amazon will have to weigh the costs of setting up and operating the drone system based on population, population density, and the number of customers and potential frequency of use in the area. Amazon could hold an market advantage via patents on the drones/system or by keeping the logistics secret. for the first few years, Amazon will experience an advantage in being the first firm to ever offer such an innovative technology. the optimum location for a firm with several inputs and outputs is the median transport location, the location that splits the total monetary weight of the firm into two equal halves. (the principle of median location). costs may include:

The drones themselves Buildings and land associated with the drone stations Computers and monitoring software systems for drone flights Computer technicians and drone monitors on site Robotics Engineers for maintenance and upgrades to drones on site Utility costs of running the building Logistics management team to oversee operations Potential insurance and legal fees associated with drones Potential air and/or frequency rights for drones, etc.

Optimizing a Drone Network to Deliver Automated External Defibrillators Justin J. Boutilier, BSc Steven C. Brooks, MD Alyf Janmohamed Adam Byers, MDEM Jason E. Buick, MSc Cathy Zhan, MSc Angela P. Schoellig, PhD Sheldon Cheskes, MD Laurie J. Morrison, MD Timothy C. Y. Chan. (2017). “Optimizing a Drone Network to Deliver Automated External Defibrillators”. add link

Summary

This paper focuses on a model for AED delivering drones. The goal of this model is to determine whether a drone network designed with the aid of a mathematical model combining both optimization and queuing can reduce the time to AED arrival. The aim of the drones is to arrive 1, 2 or 3 minutes in advance of 911 arrival, the model calculates how many drones and bases are necessary for multiple cities.