PRE2017 4 Groep9

Week 1: The Plan

Deliverables and milestones

Deliverables:

• Problem Statement and Objectives
• Users
• User requirements/ Needs
• Approach, milestones, deliverables
• Task division
• State of Art Literature Study
• Wiki Update

Milestones:

• Research history of stadium accidents, caused by football hooliganism
• Current approach and existing solutions

Literature Study and State of Art

Phenomenon description, hooliganism and pyrotechnics

Hooliganism definition

There is no precise definition of ‘football hooliganism’. It lacks legal definition, precise demarcation of membership and is used to cover a variety of actions which take place in more or less directly football-related contexts. To account for some of the phenomenon’s main features, a distinction should be drawn between spontaneous, relatively isolated incidents of spectator violence and the behaviour of socially organized or institutionalized fan (hooligan) groups which engage in competitive violence, principally with other hooligan groups.3 This distinction is historically observable through a shift from a pattern in which attacks on match officials and opposing players predominated over attacks on rival fans, to a pattern in which inter-fan group fighting and fighting between fans and the police became the predominant form of spectator disorderliness. This shift has taken place in various European countries, but at different times. (Spaaij, 2005) Pyrotechnics, opinion of hooligans

Over 2/3 of the hooligans (68.75%) sometimes participated in firing of pyrotechnics. They agreed with the expression of the supporters “no pyrotechnics, no party”. Only 12.50% of the hooligans did not participate in pyrotechnics, and the rest of the hooligans (18.75%) had a different point of view and used the pyrotechnics every match. (Scholz, 2016)

Pyrotechnics, danger and basic principle

Pyrotechnics are fireworks that are ignited by lighting the magnesium. They produce light effects and a lot of smoke (Zeus 2013). The fans use pyrotechnics called ‘bengalisches Feuer’ or Bengalos which is a type of flare. Fans smuggle them into the stadium as they are illegal. Since the flares can be as small as a lipstick, they are hard to detect by security personnel; women can smuggle them in easily (Fritz 2012).

Bengalos are normally used on boats for rescue missions on oceans or seas. Once the Bengalo is ignited, it cannot be extinguished by either sand or water and can burn at over 1000 degrees Centigrade even when the flame has finished burning (RPO 2012). This is what makes the flare so dangerous in an enclosed space with thousands of people in the immediate surroundings. Officials are worried because of fire safety issues and even the possibility of death in an area filled with people and no quick way to escape. In addition, the smoke from setting off the flare can cause an added health hazard when inhaling it. Fans sometimes use the smoke coming from these pyrotechnics to storm the field of play before the match is even over (Fritz 2012). (Adams, 2013)

Increasing stadium violence on the example of European countries

When Poland is concerned, there has been a significant increase in violence at football matches of the domestic championship in that country. Interestingly, the number of incidents decreased at football matches, belonging to higher rank of championship, primarily due to technically well equipped stadiums, and good police work, and violence is transferred to the lower ranks of the competition, where the infrastructure is worse. As for the violence at football matches of the international character, there have been no significant changes, i.e. the situation is the same as in the previous period. In Poland, the violence is most often manifested in three ways: the use of pyrotechnic devices, prearranged violence (primarily scheduled fights and clashes outside the stadium between different hooligan groups), and verbal violence.

Violence in the stadiums in Serbia has remained almost at the same level as before. The number of incidents has decreased by 26%, but the acts of violence have become more violent and more serious. The report noted that Serbia and Bulgaria are the only countries without adequate security services in the stadiums, in charge of the security of the fans in addition to police. In Serbia, this problem arose because of the lack of laws governing the specified area, so there is no legal document that defines the role of security services. The most common forms of manifesting violence are the following: the use of pyrotechnic devices, prearranged violence (primarily scheduled fights and clashes outside the stadium between different hooligan groups), and the verbal violence that leads to incidents. An interesting observation was that there was a change in the form of manifestation of violence. There is an increased number of violent acts towards owners and management of teams, and violence between supporters of the same club or the supporters of different factions of the same club. Similar to the extreme Italian fan groups, the supporters in Serbia are also organized within groups, while larger groups of supporters (those of Red Star, Partizan and Vojvodina) have several factions, among which violent conflicts often arise because of the leadership in the stadiums, which are often transferred to the streets of major cities. ( Milojević, S., and B. Janković. , 2012)

Stadium violence, most common forms

Annual Report1of the Standing Committee2of the Council of Europe for implementationof the European convention on violence and improper behaviour of spectators on sports events, especially football matches.The report noted that different states are threatened by various forms of violence at football matches, but the most common are these three forms:

1. the use of pyrotechnics;
2. pre-arranged violence (primarily scheduled fights and clashes outside the stadium between different hooligan groups), and
3. violence related to alcohol use and violence committed by persons who are intoxicated by alcohol.

( Milojević, S., and B. Janković. , 2012)

Problem Statement

Violence and usage of pyrotechnics during football matches is increasing problem in whole Europe. Due to that fact, health and life of spectators attending sports events are put in danger. Implementing our solution for security check and tracking activity of hooligans aims in increasing safety on the sports venues.

Users

Main users/ target audience: Attenders of sport events.

Generalizable to: Middle class families attending the football games, as a group who is mostly scared and put in danger due to hooligan activities. Moreover, maximizing attendance of this social group has positive influence on the club budget (merchandise sale, match day income).

Objectives

• Creating algorithm allowing invigilation of hooligans
• The solution, that is ethically correct and does not break the law
• The solution that does not require remarkable investments
• The solution that does not significantly affect crowd flow during the event

Approach

Literature study will be followed by formulating problem statement, users and requirements. The provided solution will aim in increasing safety of spectators during football events. Algorithm will be provided to estimate probability of dangerous incident during the event. Besides, solution of hardware will be described, that in combination with designed algorithm will lead to increased safety.

Week 2

Deliverables & Milestones

Deliverables

• Research: Crowd management and queuing strategy
• Research: Security check on stadiums
• Algorithm flow chart
• User Society and Enterprise aspects
• USE scenarios

Milestones

• What would be a base risk percentage?
• On which aspects would the algorithm operate?

Crowd management and queuing strategy

Crowd management plays a crucial role during various types of mass events (e.g. music, sport) as it has a significant influence on the overall safety of the event's participators. There are many techniques that are meant to rise the efficiency of the crowd flow while keeping the safety measures on the level that allows the security to pay enough attention to each passing participant of the event.

Effective crowd control techniques

• Wayfinding optimization – it is crucial to design and optimize the wayfinding approach for the newcomers. It is common to enhance the crowd flow by putting directional signs that help participants find the desired entrance.
• Queue management – since waiting in line can cause tension among a large group of impatient, tired and excited participants, crowd control issues can arise. It is important to keep the crowd entertained and distracted (e.g. in-line merchandise, promotional videos).
• Temporary closures – due to some maintenance, cleaning or renovation some sections or areas could be closed off. It is important to clearly mark the alternative routes and instructions for the participants (e.g. signage combined with physical barriers).
• Rapid deployment – when an unexpected situation happens, it is important for the staff to be prepared and quickly resolve the issue that occurred (e.g. overflowed toilets).
• Customer flow management – to keep the crowd under control, it is essential to set the desired direction of the crowd flow throughout the entire facility (e.g. museums, operas). It helps to maintain a highly controlled environment that is better prepared for unexpected incidents.

Queuing theory is a field of mathematical study that focuses on waiting lines and queues. A queueing model is constructed so that queue lengths and waiting time can be predicted. Queuing theory was proposed by Danish mathematician A.K. Erlang in 1909. Through the 100 years of its development, queuing theory is nowadays commonly used in practice during mass events, supermarkets or toll gates.

Security checks on stadiums

Following the tragedies that happened on the football stadiums, a significant attention was put into the improvement of security measures on those objects of mass attendance. Especially during the championship finals or derby games, the level of security needs to be increased as the risk of some incident occurring while the game is played is greater than during a regular match. Most common security measures that are implemented during a stadium security check are:

• Tickets and documents authentication
• Walk-through metal detectors and handheld metal detectors
• Detailed search of participant's bags and belongings (if present)
• Additional search (if security decides it is necessary)
• Security cameras placed all over the facility

Metal detectors that are commonly used during a security check can be distinguished into two different types: walk-through detectors and handheld detectors. The walk-through metal detectors are undoubtedly more accurate and successful than the handheld detectors, as their sensitivity can be increased or decreased. However, by increasing the security level and the sensitivity there is a great risk that the crowd flow going through the security check would drop rapidly. From the experiments that were conducted on the walk-through metal detectors it was confirmed that the accuracy and the success rate depend on many various aspects. Most important of them are: the height on which object is located; the type of metal that the object is made of; the speed with which a person passes through the detector. So, it is crucial to find a balance that will allow the security to keep the participants of the event safe, but at the same time make sure it will not cause additional hours of waiting in lines and therefore many negative reviews and opinions about the event in overall. In many places, like airports or government facilities, the walk-through metal detectors are used alongside the handheld detectors. Often, when the security is alerted by the walk-through detector, that an undesired object is present, the security asks if the person is sure that all metal objects have been removed. If the answer is yes and walk-through detector still alarms the security, the additional inspection with a handheld metal detector is conducted. Meanwhile, when the person is checked by metal detectors, his/hers bags and belongings are also deeply searched by other security members to assure that no dangerous objects (e.g. pyrotechnics) are brought into the stadium area.

Crowd management and security measures based on the Luzhniki Stadium example

According to the security plans that are almost at its finish of implementation, Luzhniki Stadium will have close to 1600 security cameras installed around the stadium in addition to the existing 400 cameras. Around 1300 cameras will be installed inside the stadium, giving the overall number of cameras at nearly 3000. Video surveillance is meant to be a key feature of the stadium security system during the 2018 World Cup. Alongside the great number of cameras, also 900 various sensors, scanners, monitors and detectors will be installed at the stadium. In addition, 6 check points for vehicles, 39 inspection lines, 7 pedestrian check points and 427 entrance points for visitors.

Week 3

Deliverables

• Research in the field of stadium incidents demography
• Implementation of the algorithm with consideration of statistical data

Milestones

• First version of the algorithm

Research (Baić, V., Ivanović, Z., & Popović, S. , 2017)

Introduction

It is hard to expressly and uniformly define demography of hooligan groups in different societies. Violent behaviour on the stadiums is very often not related to sport. In the contemporary society hooliganism is related to the position and status in society, their potential environment and social fulfilment. It is worth to point out that is only a part of sport related hooliganism. In the Serbian scientific publication criminal justice and procedural aspect of this phenomenon are mostly encountered. Anglo-Saxon literature brings up also socio-anthropological and psychological aspects of characterisation the hooligan groups. In the literature members of are mostly characterized as men, in age up to 27 years, usually members of the lower social classes. They are willing to cheer cult of masculinity. Studies also confirm significant relationship between stadium hooliganism and poverty. That does not correlate with previous criminal record of this groups. Potential links with the criminal behaviour are usually complex and indirect.

In a nutshell, hooligans groups are group that is hardly defined by means of one term or certain set of features. However common factors among group that was investigated could be noticed. This features are going to be further investigated.

Methods

Cited paper included 139 male participants in the age 16-40, members of 18 fan groups from Serbian city Novi Sad. Research group members where supporters of four major football clubs Vojovodina, Red Star, Partizan and Novi Sad. Choice of this groups was motivated and consulted with the local police department, that monitored violence and misbehaviour in the period 2011 - 2016. Mentioned supporters groups where named as the most influential.

Research results

Age Research show that from 139 group members, only 1.4% belong to the group of younger minors( 14-16). Similarly only 1.4% of researched people where older minors (age 16- 18). Senior juveniles have 20.9% stake in the group. The significant majority are people in the age 18-40. They are 76.3% of the whole group.

Pie chart depicting the age distribution

Week 4

References

Spaaij, Ramón. "The prevention of football hooliganism: A transnational perspective." Actas del X Congreso Internacional de Historia del Deporte. Seville: CESH. 2005.

SCHOLZ, PETR. "Czech Football Hooligans Behavior." Journal of Physical Education and Sport 16.Suppl. 2 (2016): 1089-1094.

Adams, Pascal. "Fans, the Bundesliga and the standing room debate. A Study of the German football stadium experience." (2013).

Milojević, S., and B. Janković. "Police measures and actions in confronting football hooliganism in some European countries." Archibald Reiss Days (2012): 613-629.

Sources database

https://www.dropbox.com/sh/h1h4kainupheur0/AADrlm7xJLwKwV8EZWMUw5bVa?dl=0