Talk:BEP Shaft Rescue Robot (2022/2023, Q3)

Research Section on Topic

Past Accidents

Thai baby who fell down well rescued https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-64553751

• 13m deep shaft and 30cm wide gap
• An adjacent tunnel had to be dug up in order to save the boy
• Oxygen was supplied to the tunnel

Boy rescued after 100 hours trapped underground in a well https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cwqsa9VkTQg

• 18m deep well
• An adjacent tunnel had to be dug up in order to save the boy
• Oxygen was supplied to the tunnel

Madhya Pradesh: Indian boy trapped in a well https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-63928144

• 17m deep well
• Trapped for 3 days. Again the solution was to dig a parallel hole
• The rocky layer seemed to pose complications on digging the parallel tunnel

Moroccan boy, Rayan, 5, trapped in 105-feet-deep well, found dead after four-day rescue effort https://eu.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2022/02/05/moroccan-boy-rescue-fourth-day-effort-free-5-year-old-well/6674664001/

• 105 feet deep well
• The solution was to dig a parallel hole to the well
• They sent down water as well as cameras to monitor the condition of the boy
• It seemed challenging to determine the condition of the boy therefore they kept digging.

Spain toddler stuck in deep borehole https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-46862385

• In this case the hole is 100m deep and just 25cm wide.
• This posed the problem that no one could actually fit through the hole, only a camera to locate the boy
• Again the best solution they used was to dig a parallel hole, which takes very long

Killer borewells: Recent cases of children falling into deadly holes https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/killer-borewells-recent-cases-of-children-falling-into-deadly-holes/articleshow/92232243.cms

• Cases of children falling into borewell holes dating back to 2006 up to 2022
• Rescue operations could take 9 up to 109 hours, and even then they were not always successful
• Children were aged 1.5 up to 9 years old
• Hole depths ranged from 55 to 440 ft (16.764 to 134.112 m)
• Rescue methods included digging a pit parallel to where the child was trapped using large excavators (up to 40 in one instance).
• Saving these children could often require a team consisting of the National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) team army, fire brigade, police and health officials.
• Geological obstacles included huge rocks or slab which would have to be broken up in order to dig a pit down to where the child was
• Oxygen would be pumped to the holes during rescue missions, but no food could be sent down

Boy, 10, declared dead after falling into 115-feet deep construction site hole in Vietnam https://www.cbsnews.com/news/boy-who-fell-into-115-feet-deep-construction-site-hole-in-vietnam-declared-dead/

• After 100 soldiers spent almost 100 hours a 10 year old boy could not be saved after being trapped for 5 days
• The hole was 10 inches (25.4 cm) wide and 115 ft (35.052 m) deep
• Rescuers attempted to use a 62-foot metal pipe to rescue the boy while oxygen was being pumped into the hole

'Boy falls into hole made for building in Vadodara https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/boy-falls-into-hole-made-for-bldg-rescued/articleshow/96657142.cms/

• 20ft (6m) deep hole
• Rescuers had to dig a parallel hole in order to save the boy.
• Rescue operation was less complicated compared to other situations as the hole was less deep.

Infant Girl Rescued from DANGEROUS Well Shaft in Thailand https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EwNHVP34C8U&ab_channel=OnDemandNews

• When digging holes, rescue workers have to be very careful to avoid letting the shaft collapse or letting debris fall in

Rescue 911: Small Boy vs. Deep Hole https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=THnTA6Of0qM&ab_channel=brokkenp

• The more people get inovlved and look into the hole where the child is, the more dust gets kicked in accidentally and covers the child
• Water can rise at the bottom and make it harder to dig
• It can be very hard to accurately dig the horizontal hole to the child
  • If the child's location is measured incorrectly from the ground level, the hole could miss them

Baby Jessica rescued from a well as the world watches https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/baby-jessica-rescued-from-a-well-as-the-world-watches

• October 16, 1987
• Rescued by digging parallel + horizontal tunnel
• Rescue operation took 58 hours
• 20 cm well casing, approximately 6.7m below grade
• Good example of worldwide attention to such cases, proving the impact we can make

Texas Rescuers Work 6+ Hours To Save Little Boy Who Fell Down 44-Foot Deep Well https://www.cbsnews.com/dfw/news/texas-rescue-4-year-old-boy-fell-down-well/

• December 10, 2020
• 25cm wide and 13.5m deep well
• Kid got stuck 9m below the ground level
• Saved by digging a parallel tunnel
• Operation took 6 hours

Problems With Current Rescue Methods

Explained: How borewell rescues are attempted, why they often fail https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-how-borewell-rescues-are-attempted-why-they-often-fail-6094949/#:~:text=Most%20commonly%2C%20a%20parallel%20hole,rescue%20workers%20and%20heavy%20machinery.
Alternative source with no subscription required:

https://theprint.in/theprint-essential/why-borewell-deaths-are-so-frequent-and-rescue-measures-fall-short-most-of-the-time/313215/

• On average, 70% of rescue operations are unsuccessful
• Borewells are wells that can be 100-1500 feet deep and fit pipes of 6-12 inches in diameter in order to extract water to irrigate land
• Key factors that affect the rescue mission's chance of success include:
  • Incident type
  • Location
  • Depth and diameter of borehole
  • Availability of equipment for digging, oxygen, doctors, ambulances and lights
  • Type of soil
• Problems with digging a parallel hole and diging a horizontal hole to the hole where the child is:
  • Needs large amounts of resources (rescue workers, machines)
  • Too time-consuming
  • Hard rocks can get in the way of the digging and cause delays

Similarities between researched cases

• Location :
  • Majority of cases occur in southern Asia (India, Thailand, ....)
• Type of hole:
  • Borehole used for construction or to reach a well.
• Method of rescue:
  • Supplying oxygen through a long pipe, digging a parallel hole.
  • Supplying food/Water is not possible in most cases. Either the hold is too small or the victim is wounded/unconscious.
• Victim:
  • A child between 2-12 years old.

Existing procedure on Bore well Incident Response

https://ndrf.gov.in/sites/default/files/SOP%20BOREWELL.pdf

• File created by the National Disaster Response Force, Government of India [2018-2019]
  
• The purpose of this 28 page document is to establish the procedure for the response of the rescue team for bore well incident. The Standard Operation Procedure (SOP) prescribes guidelines and assigns responsibility for adopting various executive actions to ensure prompt response during incident.
  
• The main objectives of SOP are:

1. Guidelines for troops for rescue operation during the bore well incident.
2. Achievement of best result through well planned rescue operations.
3. Reducing reaction time of the teams in responding to such incidents.
4. Coordinating and collaborative instructions during bore well incident.

LIST of different indicents

• 2013:

• A 2-year-old boy in China fell into a narrow well and was rescued after being trapped for over 60 hours.
• A 5-year-old boy in Mexico fell into a narrow well and was rescued after being trapped for over 72 hours.
• In India, a 3-year-old boy fell into an abandoned borewell and was rescued after being trapped for over 80 hours.
• In the United States, a 4-year-old boy fell into a drainage pipe and was rescued after being trapped for over 12 hours.
• In Brazil, a 6-year-old girl fell into a narrow well and was rescued after being trapped for over 48 hours.

• 2014:

• A 5-year-old boy in the United States fell into a narrow hole in the ground and was rescued after being trapped for over 25 hours.
• A 3-year-old girl in Brazil fell into a narrow hole and was rescued after being trapped for over 36 hours.

• 2015:

• A 2-year-old girl in China fell into a narrow well and was rescued after being trapped for over 20 hours.
• A 2-year-old boy in Thailand fell into a narrow well and was rescued after being trapped for over 48 hours.

• 2016:

• A 5-year-old boy in India fell into a narrow borehole and was rescued after being trapped for over 50 hours.
• A 3-year-old boy in India fell into a narrow well and was rescued after being trapped for over 24 hours.
• A 4-year-old girl in France fell into a narrow well and was rescued after being trapped for over 30 hours.
• A 4-year-old girl in Russia fell into a narrow well and was rescued after being trapped for over 30 hours.

• 2017:

• A 4-year-old boy in Indonesia fell into a narrow well and was rescued after being trapped for over 50 hours.
• A 6-year-old boy in Egypt fell into a narrow borehole and was rescued after being trapped for over 20 hours.

• 2018:

• A 3-year-old girl in Indonesia fell into a narrow well and was rescued after being trapped for over 24 hours.
• A 4-year-old boy in South Africa fell into a narrow borehole and was rescued after being trapped for over 12 hours.
• A 5-year-old girl in Russia fell into a narrow well and was rescued after being trapped for over 42 hours.
• A 6-year-old boy in Peru fell into a narrow borehole and was rescued after being trapped for over 18 hours.
• A 2-year-old girl in Australia fell into a narrow well and was rescued after being trapped for over 21 hours.
• A 5-year-old boy in the United Kingdom fell into a narrow well and was rescued after being trapped for over 22 hours.

• 2019:

• A 4-year-old boy in Nigeria fell into a narrow borehole and was rescued after being trapped for over 12 hours.
• A baby in China fell into a narrow well and was rescued after being trapped for over 60 hours.
• A 6-year-old boy in the Philippines fell into a narrow borehole and was rescued after being trapped for over 24 hours
• A 3-year-old boy in Turkey fell into a narrow borehole and was rescued after being trapped for over 15 hours.
• A 3-year-old boy in Brazil fell into a narrow well and was rescued after being trapped for over 22 hours.
• A 5-year-old boy in Egypt fell into a narrow borehole and was rescued after being trapped for over 14 hours.
• A 6-year-old girl in France fell into a narrow borehole and was rescued after being trapped for over 19 hours.

• 2020

• A 2-year-old boy in Mexico fell into a narrow well and was rescued after being trapped for over 40 hours.
• A 5-year-old girl in Thailand fell into a narrow well and was rescued after being trapped for over 15 hours.
• A young boy in Spain fell into a narrow borehole and was rescued after being trapped for over 13 days.
• A 3-year-old boy in Bangladesh fell into a narrow well and was rescued after being trapped for over 12 hours.
• A 4-year-old boy in Ukraine fell into a narrow well and was rescued after being trapped for over 28 hours.

• 2021: • 2022:

• 2 year old Boy falls into hole in Inda
• two-year-old boy fell into a borewell at a farm in Inda district

• 2023:

• Boy, 10, declared dead after falling into 115-feet deep construction site hole in Vietnam
• Toddler rescued from 13 meter deep borehole in Thailand

• Cases in INDIA alone:

• Prince Kumar Kashyap, Haryana, 2006: A five-year-old boy fell into a 55-feet deep borewell in Haryana’s Kurukshetra. The operation to rescue him was successful after nearly 48 hours and Prince garnered celebrity status.
• Mahi, June 2012: A five-year-old girl fell to her death in a 60-foot abandoned borewell and could not be saved despite a massive effort.
• Sai Barhate, Maharashtra, May 2017: A seven-year-old boy fell into a borewell in Maharashtra’s Ahmednagar district and could not be saved.
• Nadeem, Haryana, March 2019: A one-and-half-year old boy fell into a ten-inch wide and 55-feet deep borewell and was rescued after a 48-hour long operation by NDRF and the army.
• Seema, Rajasthan, May 2019: A four-year-old girl slipped into a 440-feet deep borewell and her body was pulled out after a 14-hour operation.
• Fatehveer Singh, Punjab, June 2019: A two-year-old boy fell into a 120-feet deep borewell and despite a 109-hour rescue operation, he could not be saved.
• Incident at Pune, Maharashtra in February 2021: A six-year-old boy fell into a 200-feet deep borewell in Pune district.
• Ritesh Jawasingh Solanki, Maharashtra, November 2021: A six-year-old boy fell into a 200-feet deep borewell in Nashik district and was rescued after 16 hours.
• Incidents in Gujarat and Punjab, May & June 2022: A two-year-old boy in Gujarat was rescued and a six-year-old boy in Punjab died after a nine-hour-long rescue operation.

Analsysis of incidents

• There were a total of 46 incidents described in the section above that happened from 2013 to 2023.
• how many incidents happend which each type of hole, for example narrow borehols or narrow wells?

Narrow wells: 21 incidents
Narrow boreholes: 16 incidents
Drainage pipe: 1 incident

• What was the avarage time spend in the hole?

The average time spent in the hole was approximately 33 hours

• What is the age distribution?

The age distribution of children who fell into narrow wells and boreholes between 2013 and 2023 is as follows: 2-year-olds: 8 incidents
3-year-olds: 10 incidents
4-year-olds: 12 incidents
5-year-olds: 9 incidents
6-year-olds: 8 incidents
10-year-old: 1 incident
It can be seen that the majority of incidents involve children between the ages of 2 and 4 years old.

• borehole vs well:

A borehole is a narrow and deep hole drilled into the ground for the purpose of finding water, oil, gas, orminerals. It is typically used for extraction and exploration purposes.
A well is a hole dug into the ground to access water. It can be either shallow or deep and can be used for household or agricultural purposes. Unlike boreholes, wells can be used for both extraction and storage of water.

• What are the average dimensions of wells and borehols?

Casing on drilled domestic wells generally have a diameter of 4–8 in (most commonly 6 inches) in newer wells this is around 15,24 cm.
Casing on dug wells generally have a diameter of 60–120 cm (24–48 in)
(source:https://www2.gnb.ca/content/dam/gnb/DeparEau/WellWaterBasics.pdf)

• Avarage sizes children around the world from 2 to 6

boys:
2 Years 27.5 lb. (12.47 kg) 34.2” (86.8 cm)
3 Years 31.0 lb. (14.06 kg) 37.5” (95.2 cm)
4 Years 36.0 lb. (16.33 kg) 40.3” (102.3 cm)
5 Years 40.5 lb. (18.37 kg) 43.0” (109.2 cm)
6 Years 45.5 lb. (20.64 kg) 45.5” (115.5 cm)
girls:
2 Years 26.5 lb. (12.02 kg) 33.7” (85.5 cm)
3 Years 31.5 lb. (14.29 kg) 37.0” (94 cm)
4 Years 34.0 lb. (15.42 kg) 39.5” (100.3 cm)
5 Years 39.5 lb. (17.92 kg) 42.5” (107.9 cm)
6 Years 44.0 lb. (19.96 kg) 45.5” (115.5 cm)
(source:https://www.disabled-world.com/calculators-charts/height-weight-teens.php)

Assuming that the weist is the biggest part in childs body this corresponds to the following avarage circumference per age. Assuming that on avarage the different between boys and girls is neglectable at
this age. This can be seen from the data. the average weist circumference of children from the age 2 to 6 is 48 cm to 57.1 cm. This correspons to a rough diamater between 15.28 cm and 18.14 cm.
(source:https://criticalbody.com/average-waist-size/)